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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for costs of crime
121 results foundAuthor: National Council to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children Title: The Cost of Violence Against Women and Their Children Summary: Violence against women and their children carries a very large economic cost to society. This report projects the costs of domestic violence in Australia to 2021, with the aim of providing decision-makers with a sense of the scale of this problem and its impact on society. Details: Canberra: National Council to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 116529 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeDomestic Violence |
Author: Gould, Eric D. Title: Terror and the Costs of Crime Summary: This paper argues that terrorism, beyond its immediate impact on innocent victims, also raises the costs of crime, and therefore, imposes a negative externality on potential criminals. Terrorism raises the costs of crime through two channels: (1) by increasing the presence and activity of the police force, and (2) causing more people to stay at home rather than going out for leisure activities. The analysis exploits a panel of 120 fatal terror attacks and all reported crimes for 17 districts throughout Israel between 2000 and 2005. After controlling for the fixed-effect of each district and for district-specific time trends, it shows that terror attacks reduce property crimes such as burglary, auto-theft, and thefts-from-cars. Terror also reduced assaults and aggravated assaults which occur in private homes, but increases incidents of trespassing and disrupting the police. Taken as a whole, the results are consistent with a stronger deterrence effect produced by an increased police presence after a terror attack. A higher level of policing is likely to catch more people trespassing, and at the same time, reduce the number of property crimes. The decline in crimes committed in private houses is likely an indication that the tendency for individuals to stay home after a terror attack further increases the costs of crime. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2009. 48p. Source: IZA Discussion Paper No. 4347 Year: 2009 Country: Israel URL: Shelf Number: 116386 Keywords: Costs of CrimeTerrorism |
Author: Taylor, P. Title: The Cost of Child Abuse in Australia Summary: In this report, the costs to the Australian economy and society of the abuse of children and young people aged 0 to 17 years are assessed, with five main types of child abuse covered -- physical, emotional and psychological, sexual abuse, neglect and witness of (or knowledge of) family violence. Details: Melbourne: Australian Childhood Foundation and Child Abuse Prevention Research Australia, 2008. 176p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 113245 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild MaltreatmentCosts of CrimeFamily ViolenceSexual Abuse |
Author: Golden, Megan Title: Cost-Benefit Analysis Summary: As part of the Advancement Project's effort to develop a comprehensive gang violence reduction strategy for the City of Los Angeles, the Vera Institute of Justice analyzed the costs of gang violence to government and potential savings that can result from investing in programs that have been shown empirically to reduce gang crime. This memo presents the results of that analysis. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2009. 35p. Source: Funding Analysis Cluster Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118311 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimeGangsViolent Crime |
Author: Belfield, Clive R. Title: High School Dropouts and the Economic Losses from Juvenile Crime in California Summary: This paper estimates the economic loss from juvenile crime associated with not completing high school before age 18. Using results from three separate studies and applying their results for California, it finds the annual juvenile crime loss associated with high school dropouts at $1.1 billion. Finally, it compares the losses from juvenile crime with the costs of improving the education system and calculates that savings in juvenile crime along will offset approximately 16% of the costs of providing these interventions. Details: Santa Barbara, CA: Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2009. 55p. Source: California Dropout Research Project Report #16 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 116680 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimeEducationHigh School DropoutsJuvenile Crime |
Author: Skaperdas, Stergios Title: The Costs of Violence Summary: The cost of violence on development is very high, but measuring this cost has received little attention. More effective measurements of these costs will help ensure that adequate attention is paid by government and civil society to the design and implementation of violence prevention policies and programs. The reviews presented in this publication are designed to contribute to a better understanding of where the international community stands on the debate over how best to measure the costs of violence on economics and societies. Details: Washington, DC: Social Development Department, World Bank, 2009. 102p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 118334 Keywords: Costs of CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Mills, Helen Title: Police Expenditure 1999-2009 Summary: This report presents information on police expenditure in the U.K. from 1999-2009. It found that police expenditure grew in real terms from 9.83 billion pounds in 1998/1999 to 14.55 billion pounds in 2008/2009. It also found that much of the burden of this rise fell on local council taxpayers, rather than the U.K. Home Office. Details: London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, King's College London, 2010. 92p. Source: Internet Resource; Spending Briefing Series Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 118667 Keywords: Costs of CrimePolice (U.K.)Police Expenditures |
Author: Schmitt, John Title: The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration Summary: Ths United States currently incarcerates a higher percentage of its population than any other country in the world. In 2008, over 2.3 million Amreicans were in prison or jail, and one of every 48 working-age men was behind bars. The financial costs of these corrections policies are staggering. In 2008, federal, state, and local governments spent about $75 billion on corrections, the large majority of which was spent on incarceration. Reducing the number of non-violent offenders in our prisons and jails by half would lower this bill by $16.9 billion per year, with the largest share of these savings accruing to financially speezed state and local governments. This report first documents the high and rising rates of incarceration in the United States, comparing the U.S. prison and jail population to the rest of the world and to our own historical experience. The report then reviews the main causes for the rise in incarceration and analyzes the relationship between incarceration and national crime rates. The final section of the report quantifies some of the direct financial costs of incarceration and discusses the scope for budgetary savings, particularly for state and local govenrments. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2010. 17p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118814 Keywords: Costs of CrimePrisonersPrisons, CostsPrisons, Finance |
Author: Gancheva, Yordanka Title: The Costs of Domestic Violence Against Women in fyr Macedonia: A Costing Exercise for 2006 Summary: This costing exercise represents the first attempt to estimate the cost of domestic violence against women in the Republic of Macedonia. The study provides the idea and the model for estimating the costs of domestic violence against women as well as the type of information needed for the estimation. It covers costs incurred by government as well as costs incurred by non-governmental organizations offering services and costs to the women victims and those who assist them. Details: Skopje: Economic Policy Research Institute, 2008. 97p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: Macedonia URL: Shelf Number: 119225 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDomestic ViolenceVictims of CrimeViolence Against Women |
Author: Heaton, Paul Title: Hidden in Plain Sight: What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police Summary: "This paper summarizes the existing high-quality academic research on the cost of crime and the effectiveness of police in preventing crime. It serves as a bridge to familiarizes policymakers and practitioners with current research on these issues and demonstrates how this research can be used to better understand the returns to investments in police. It demonstrates a method for comparing the costs of police personnel with the expected benefits generated by those police in terms of reduced crime. Applying the method to several real-world scenarios shows that these investments generate net social benefits. Returns on investments in police personnel are likely to be substantial." Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource; Issues in Policing: Occasional Paper Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118563 Keywords: Cost Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimePolicing |
Author: Duvvury, Nata Title: Intimate Partner Violence: High Costs fo Households and Communities Summary: This report presents the findings of a three-country study in Bangladesh, Morocco and Uganda to estimate the economic costs of intimate partner violence at the household and community levels, where its impact is most direct and immediate. The focus on intimate partner violence was motivated by the fact that this is the most common form of violence against women. A household and community level analysis helps to shed light on intimate partner violence's relationship to both household economic vulnerability and the extent to which scarce public resources for essential health, security and infrastructure services are diverted due to such violence. Details: Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women, 2009. 12p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119362 Keywords: Costs of CrimeFemale VictimsIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: Day, Tanis Title: The Economic Costs of Violence Against Women: An Evaluation of the Literature Summary: This brief provides an overview of the work that has been undertaken world-wide on the economic costs of gender-based violence. The focus of the analysis is to examine estimates of the costs of violence, to compare methodologies used, and to understand the scope of what has been accomplised to date. The paper analyzes existing studies, shows their geographic coverage, indicates the types of costs addressed, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used. Details: Vienna: United Nations, 2005. 66p. Source: Internet Resource; Expert Brief Year: 2005 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119277 Keywords: Costs of CrimeViolence Against WomenViolent Crime |
Author: Duvvury, Nata Title: Costs of Intimate Partner Violence at the Household and Community Levels: An Operational Framework for Developing Countries Summary: Violence in intimate partner relationships is the most common form of gender-based violence experienced by women across the globe. However, while domestic violence exacts an enormous toll on society, putting a dollar figure on the actual cost is difficult. This paper attempts to develop an operational framework for estimating economic costs of domestic violence in developing countries. Details: Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women, 2004. 42p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2004 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119278 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDomestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: National Juvenile Justice Network Title: The Real Costs and Benefits of Change: Finding Opportunities for Reform During Difficult Fiscal Times Summary: The financial collapse of 2008 and 2009 means that almost all states are facing alarming budget shortfalls. Because of these fiscal crises, advocates can expect increasingly significant pushback from policymakers on issues of juvenile justice reform. Additionally, resources for successful programs for youth that are already in place may be threatened. Yet, far from being a time to hold back, now is the time to search for new opportunities to advocate for cost-effective juvenile justice reform. This paper is a guide for advocates to help reinforce the value, both in terms of dollars and substance, of progressive programming for juveniles that leads to positive youth outcomes and healthy communities. Details: Washington, DC: National Juvenile Justice Network, 2010. 19p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119397 Keywords: Costs of CrimeJuvenile JusticeJuvenile Justice Reform |
Author: Dolezal, Theresa Title: Hidden Costs in Health Care: The Economic Impact of Violence and Abuse Summary: Every year millions of Americans are exposed to violence and abuse as victims, witnesses, and perpetrators. Violence and abuse occur in all age groups, at all socioeconomic levels, and throughout all of society's structure. Up to now, the health care system has failed to adequately recognize the consequences of abuse, to respond and treat patients in a manner that is compassionate and healing, and to incorporate appropriate prevention strategies. This paper reviews a sampling of the literature that supports the contention that violence and abuse lead to a significant increase in health care utilization and costs. Details: Eden Prairie, MN: Academy on Violence and Abuse, 2009. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117603 Keywords: Costs of CrimeHealth CareVictims of CrimeViolence and Abuse |
Author: Bromfield, Leah Title: The Economic Costs of Child Abuse and Neglect Summary: This resource sheet examines the cost of child abuse and neglect related to the various Australian government departments responsible for children protection services. Details: Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2010. 6p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, 2010 at http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/sheets/rs2/rs2.html Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/sheets/rs2/rs2.html Shelf Number: 119594 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild ProtectionCosts of Crime |
Author: Logan, T.K. Title: The Kentucky Civil Protective Order Study: A Rural and Urban Multiple Perspective Study of Protective Order Violation Consequences, Responses, and Cost Summary: Intimate partner violence affects thousands of women each year and results in substantial personal and societal costs. In response to the need for victim protection, states have established civil protective orders (PO). This study addresses several gaps in the research literature on civil protective orders by examining PO effectiveness, enforcement, and cost effectiveness. A selected rural area and a selected urban area were compared to better understand subtle jurisdictional differences. This study used multiple data sources including victim self-reports, key informant interviews, and court data on offenders in order to address three major questions: (1) Rural versus urban similarities and differences: Do community contextual factors matter? This question was answered by examining official data and the current literature on rural versus urban differences and by examining rural and urban key informant (n=188) perceptions of factors associated with responses to PO violations to better understand community contextual factors in addressing partner violence. (2) Civil protective orders: Justice or just a piece of paper? This question was answered by following 106 rural and 107 urban women at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months after receiving a PO to examine partner violence prior to obtaining a PO and after obtaining a PO as well as the PO process, PO violations, victim decisions regarding whether or not to report the violations, and justice system responses to reported violations (99% follow-up rate, n=210). Also, civil and criminal system histories and justice system responses to PO violations were examined using official court records on PO respondents in the cases involving the rural and urban women who participated in the study. (3) Costs of protective orders versus partner violence: Is it really worth it? This question was answered by examining personal and societal costs of ongoing partner violence, including costs to the justice system and to victim quality of life, six months before and six months after a protective order was obtained to better understand the full spectrum of costs associated with partner violence and the economic impact of protective orders on partner violence and abuse. Results showed that half (50%) of the study participants indicated that the protective order had been violated while half did not during the six months after receiving the protective order. Even for those who experienced protective order violations, the abuse was significantly reduced over time. However, results also suggest that community contextual factors do matter in the protective order process and in the enforcement of protective orders. For example, more urban than rural PO violators had protective order violation charges during the six month follow-up period. Further, stalking the six months prior to obtaining the protective order was significantly associated with protective order violations even after controlling for a number of relevant variables. Finally, a wide range of costs was examined for each participant including medical, mental health, criminal justice, legal, lost earnings, property losses, and time lost for family and civic responsibilities as well as an index of quality of life six months before the protective order and six months after the protective order was issued. Overall, including changes in quality of life, protective orders saved the state $85 million in a single year, a moderate estimate of cost savings. When the quality of life index is excluded from the cost analysis, study results show that victim safety is positively impacted by protective orders at very little cost except in cases with stalking. This study advances knowledge about PO effectiveness, enforcement, and costs, and provides information for policies and practice to increase both the effectiveness of protective orders and ultimately the safety of women threatened by partner violence in different jurisdictions. Details: Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science, 2009. 175p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228350.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228350.pdf Shelf Number: 116664 Keywords: Costs of CrimeIntimate Partner ViolenceRestraining OrdersStalkingVictims of Family ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: King, Rawle O. Title: Ocean Piracy and Its Impact on Insurance Summary: Many Members of 111th Congress are concerned about the sharp rise in pirate attacks in the strategic waterways in the Gulf of Aden off the East coast of Africa. The hijacking of a Saudi Arabia-owned oil tanker, Sirius Star, off the coast of Kenya on November 15, 2008, by pirates, and its release after a $3 million ransom payment on January 8, 2009, was another in a series of seizures and releases that have focused worldwide attention on economic and humanitarian threats posed by pirates to the global seafaring community and the smooth flow of international trade. Given the sharp increase in the number of pirate attacks, the cost of transporting cargo in international waters could rise dramatically because of the sharp increase in ocean marine insurance rates for ships transiting the Gulf of Aden. Commercial insurers, for example, could require a special war risk insurance premium costing an additional ten of thousands of dollars a day. These additional costs could adversely impact international trade during the current global economic slowdown. In addition to proposals for military deterrence and diplomatic engagements, policymakers may elect to consider adjustments to the federal statute (Title XII of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as amended) that authorizes the federal government to underwrite marine war risk insurance in circumstances such as piracy. Title XII, administered by the U.S. Department of Transportations Maritime Administration, authorizes the federal government to act as an insurer or reinsurer of last resort to facilitate waterborne commerce should private ocean marine insurance markets not be able to ensure that financial losses due to war risks (and piracy) will be largely covered. Policymakers may also elect to maintain the status quo on this statutory authority. The property and casualty insurance industry policyholder surplus is calculated to be approximately $505 billion (as of June 2008). Vessel hull and war risk premiums in the U.S. market paid to insurers totaled approximately $350 million in 2007, and the total value of cargo insurance premiums paid in that year was approximately $833 million, according to industry data. Some may contend, as a result, that the insurance industry appears to be financially capable of handling U.S. exposure to the current piracy threat and that the existing policy backstop will be adequate. This report will be updated as events warrant. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2008. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2010 at: http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40081_20090206.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40081_20090206.pdf Shelf Number: 119809 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomicsInsurance and CrimeMaritime CrimePirates |
Author: Cook, Philip J. Title: Economical Crime Control Summary: This paper is the introductory chapter for the forthcoming NBER volume Controlling Crime: Strategies and Tradeoffs. The Great Recession has led to cuts in criminal justice expenditures, and the trend towards ever-higher incarceration rates that has been underway since the 1970s in the U.S. appears to have turned the corner. That raises the question of whether the crime drop can be sustained. State and local revenue shortfalls have engendered intense interest in cost-cutting measures that do not sacrifice public safety. We argue that there is some reason for optimism, simply because current criminal justice allocations and policies appear to be inefficient – more crime control could be accomplished with fewer resources. The crime problem is often framed as a debate between those who favor a “tough” punitive approach versus those who favor a “soft” approach that focuses on prevention or remediation programs. But the canonical economic model of crime from Becker (1968) suggests that the decision to commit crime involves a weighing of both benefits and costs, implying that both tough and soft approaches might be useful. It is ultimately an empirical question about how the marginal crime-control dollar may be most effectively deployed. The evidence presented in this edited volume suggests that a more efficient portfolio of crime-control strategies would involve greater attention to enhancing the certainty rather than the severity of punishment for criminal behavior, stimulating private-sector cooperation for controlling crime, and making strategic investments in the human capital of at-risk populations, including in particular efforts to improve the social-cognitive skills of justice-system-involved populations. To help illustrate the magnitude of the inefficiencies within the current system, the essay concludes with a thought experiment that considers how much additional crime-prevention could be obtained by reverting average sentence lengths back to 1984 levels (midway through the Reagan era) and redirecting the freed-up resources (on the order of $12 billion annually) to alternative uses. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 16513: Accessed November 8, 2010 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16513.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16513.pdf Shelf Number: 120199 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCrime PreventionEconomics and Crime |
Author: Gilpin, Raymond Title: Counting the Costs of Somali Piracy Summary: The upsurge in attacks by Somali pirates between 2005 and mid-2009 reflects decades of political unrest, maritime lawlessness and severe economic decline. Piracy has dire implications for economic development and political stability in Somalia, with economic prospects constrained, business confidence compromised and human security worsening. It could also have a destabilizing effect on global trade and security unless immediate steps are taken to craft a coordinated strategy to address the complex factors that trigger and sustain crime and impunity on the high seas. However, poorly designed and implemented strategies could inadvertently strengthen the hand of extremists in and around Somalia. The Somali authorities and their international partners should plan for a sustained application of “smart power” by all stakeholders. This paper offers practical strategies to mitigate the rising costs of Somali piracy and lay the foundation for lasting peace. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2009. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed November 27, 2010 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/1_0.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Somalia URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/1_0.pdf Shelf Number: 120282 Keywords: Armed Robbery Against ShipsCosts of CrimeMaritime CrimePiracy/PiratesPirates (Somalia) |
Author: Mallea, Paula Title: The Fear Factor: Stephen Harper's Tough on Crime Agenda Summary: According to Statistics Canada, crime rates have been trending down for over 20 years. This includes the violent crime rate. Yet the Harper government continues to insist that there is an epidemic of crime, and that Canadians should be very afraid of increasing violence — guns, gangs and drugs — the fear factor. This study analyses the financial and human costs of the Harper government's tough on crime agenda and concludes it is wrong-headed, expensive, and counter-productive. In fact, it will likely lead to more crime and a bigger deficit. Details: Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2010. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 6, 2010 at: http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National%20Office/2010/11/Tough%20on%20Crime.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National%20Office/2010/11/Tough%20on%20Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 120382 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCriminal Justice Policy (Canada)Fear of Crime |
Author: Bowden, Anna Title: The Economic Costs of Maritime Piracy Summary: At the end of 2010, around 500 seafarers from more than 18 countries are being held hostage by pirates. Piracy clearly affects the world‘s largest trade transport industry, but how much is it costing the world? One Earth Future (OEF) Foundation has conducted a large-scale study to quantify the cost of piracy as part of its Oceans Beyond Piracy project. Based on our calculations, maritime piracy is costing the international economy between $7 to $12 billion, per year. This report details the major calculations and conclusions made in the study. The project focuses on direct (first) order costs, but also includes some estimates of secondary (macroeconomic costs), where data is available. It concentrates on the supply-side costs to both industry and governments. The study set out to analyze the cost of piracy to the Horn of Africa, Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea, and the Malacca Straits. The focus is inevitably on the costs of Somali piracy because this is the region where contemporary piracy is most highly concentrated and is the greatest source of current data and information. This project is designed to be a collaborative effort, and we welcome feedback and suggestions from stakeholders concerned with the issue of maritime piracy. We hope that it will be a useful tool for analysts and policy makers working towards solutions to piracy. Details: Louisville, CO: One Earth Future Foundation, 2010. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed January 31, 2010 at: http://oneearthfuture.org/images/imagefiles/Cost%20of%20Piracy%20Final%20Report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://oneearthfuture.org/images/imagefiles/Cost%20of%20Piracy%20Final%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 120641 Keywords: Costs of CrimeMaritime CrimePiracy (Pirates)Pirates |
Author: Clement, Marshall Title: The National Summit on Justice Reinvestment and Public Safety: addressing Recidivism, Crime, and Corrections Spending Summary: On January 27, 2010, the first National Summit on Justice Reinvestment and Public Safety was held at the U.S. Capitol. It examined how some states and local governments are successfully changing their crime and corrections policies to be more effective and fiscally responsible through evidence-based policies and practices. Leading researchers and experts in law enforcement, courts, corrections, reentry, and other community-based services were brought together to present the latest science, statistics, and innovations on reducing recidivism and corrections costs. The summit was convened by the Pew Center on the States, the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Public Welfare Foundation, and the Council of State Governments Justice Center. This summit report summarizes the rich information presented during the conference — highlighting the promising practices and the latest thinking on criminal justice policy. This information is meant to help spur the expansion of data-driven practices. It is our hope that this summit report will serve as a “best practices” manual for policymakers and corrections professionals around the country as we work to improve our corrections system. Details: New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2011 at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/pdf/CSG_JusticeReinvestmentSummitReport.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/pdf/CSG_JusticeReinvestmentSummitReport.pdf Shelf Number: 120761 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCriminal Justice PolicyCriminal Justice ReformExpenditures in Criminal JusticeRecidivism |
Author: Detica Title: The Cost of Cyber Crime. A Detica Report in Partnership with the Office of Cyber Security and Information Assurance in the Cabinet Office Summary: "Few areas of our lives remain untouched by the digital revolution. Across the world, there are now nearly two billion internet users and over five billion mobile phone connections; every day, we send 294 billion emails and five billion SMS messages. Over 91 per cent of UK businesses and 73 per cent of UK households have internet access and £47.2 billion was spent online in the UK alone in 2009. Our society is now almost entirely dependent on the continued availability, accuracy and confidentiality of its Information and Communications Technology (ICT). We need it for our economic health, for the domestic machinery of government, for national defence and for our day-to-day social and cultural existence. As well as significant benefits, the technology has also enabled old crimes to be committed in new and more subtle ways. In its National Security Strategy, cyber threats are recognised by the Government as one of four ‘Tier One’ risks to the UK’s security. But estimates of the cost of cyber crime have until now not been able to provide a justifiable estimate of economic impact and have failed to address the breadth of the problem. Therefore, the Office of Cyber Security and Information Assurance (OCSIA) worked with Detica to look more closely at the cost of cyber crime in the UK and, in particular, to gain a better appreciation of the costs to the UK economy of Intellectual Property (IP) theft and industrial espionage. Further developments of cyber crime policy, strategies and detailed plans will thus benefit from this insight." Details: London: U.K. Cabinet Office, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2011 at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/the-cost-of-cyber-crime-full-report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/the-cost-of-cyber-crime-full-report.pdf Shelf Number: 120839 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCybercrimeExtortionIdentity TheftInternet CrimesInternet Safety |
Author: Jeszeck, Charles A.: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Criminal Alien Statistics: Information on Incarcerations, Arrests, and Costs Summary: The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) estimated that as of fiscal year 2009 the total alien--non-U.S.-citizen--population was about 25.3 million, including about 10.8 million aliens without lawful immigration status. Some aliens have been convicted and incarcerated (criminal aliens). The federal government bears these incarceration costs for federal prisons and reimburses states and localities for portions of their costs through the Department of Justice's (DOJ) State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP). GAO was asked to update its April and May 2005 reports that contained information on criminal aliens. This report addresses (1) the number and nationalities of incarcerated criminal aliens; (2) the types of offenses for which criminal aliens were arrested and convicted; and (3) the costs associated with incarcerating criminal aliens and the extent to which DOJ's methodology for reimbursing states and localities for incarcerating criminal aliens is current and relevant. GAO analyzed federal and SCAAP incarceration and cost data of criminal aliens from fiscal years 2003 through 2010, and conviction and cost data from five states that account for about 70 percent of the SCAAP criminal alien population in 2008. GAO analyzed a random sample of 1,000 criminal aliens to estimate arrest information due to the large volume of arrests and offenses. GAO also estimated selected costs to incarcerate criminal aliens nationwide using The number of criminal aliens in federal prisons in fiscal year 2010 was about 55,000, and the number of SCAAP criminal alien incarcerations in state prison systems and local jails was about 296,000 in fiscal year 2009 (the most recent data available), and the majority were from Mexico. The number of criminal aliens in federal prisons increased about 7 percent from about 51,000 in fiscal year 2005 while the number of SCAAP criminal alien incarcerations in state prison systems and local jails increased about 35 percent from about 220,000 in fiscal year 2003. The time period covered by these data vary because they reflect updates since GAO last reported on these issues in 2005. Specifically, in 2005, GAO reported that the percentage of criminal aliens in federal prisons was about 27 percent of the total inmate population from 2001 through 2004. Based on our random sample, GAO estimates that the criminal aliens had an average of 7 arrests, 65 percent were arrested at least once for an immigration offense, and about 50 percent were arrested at least once for a drug offense. Immigration, drugs, and traffic violations accounted for about 50 percent of arrest offenses. About 90 percent of the criminal aliens sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2009 (the most recently available data) were convicted of immigration and drug-related offenses. About 40 percent of individuals convicted as a result of DOJ terrorism-related investigations were aliens. SCAAP criminal aliens incarcerated in selected state prison systems in Arizona, California, Florida, New York, and Texas were convicted of various offenses in fiscal year 2008 (the most recently available data at the time of GAO's analysis). The highest percentage of convictions for criminal aliens incarcerated in four of these states was for drug-related offenses. Homicide resulted in the most primary offense convictions for SCAAP criminal aliens in the fifth state--New York--in fiscal year 2008. GAO estimates that costs to incarcerate criminal aliens in federal prisons and SCAAP reimbursements to states and localities ranged from about $1.5 billion to $1.6 billion annually from fiscal years 2005 through 2009; DOJ plans to update its SCAAP methodology for reimbursing states and localities in 2011 to help ensure that it is current and relevant. DOJ developed its reimbursement methodology using analysis conducted by the former Immigration and Naturalization Service in 2000 that was based on 1997 data. Best practices in cost estimating and assessment of programs call for new data to be continuously collected so it is always relevant and current. During the course of its review, GAO raised questions about the relevancy of the methodology. Thus, DOJ developed plans to update its methodology in 2011 using SCAAP data from 2009 and would like to establish a 3-year update cycle to review the methodology in the future. Doing so could provide additional assurance that DOJ reimburses states and localities for such costs consistent with current trends. In commenting on a draft of this report, DHS and DOJ had no written comments to include in the report. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2011. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-11-187: Accessed April 22, 2011 at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11187.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11187.pdf Shelf Number: 121479 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCriminal AliensHomeland SecurityIllegal AliensImmigrantsImmigrants and CrimeImmigration |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. National Drug Intelligence Center Title: The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society Summary: In 2007, the cost of illicit drug use totaled more than $193 billion. Direct and indirect costs attributable to illicit drug use are estimated in three principal areas: crime, health, and productivity. Details: Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center, 2011. 123p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs44/44731/44731p.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs44/44731/44731p.pdf Shelf Number: 121944 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDrug Abuse and Addiction (U.S.)Economics of Crime |
Author: Pease, Ken Title: The Carbon Cost of Crime and Its Implications Summary: The report documents the failure to assess the carbon footprint of crime and responses to crime, both nationally and globally and speculates on reasons for this omission. It reviews relevant literatures and notes the absence of recognition of the nexus between crime and carbon-profligate lifestyles. The writers contend that such recognition would profoundly influence social and criminal justice policy. The precise quantification of the carbon costs of crime is beyond the scope of this report, to say nothing of the competence of its writers. While precision is not a realistic aim given the previous apparent neglect of the topic, and revision of the preliminary estimates contained herein inevitable and welcome, nonetheless it seems clear that the direct carbon costs of crime are substantial and the consequential costs more so, to the point where it is difficult to envisage a high crime society being a low carbon society. Recognition of this would lead to a major shift in policy favouring primary crime prevention through the design, implementation and maintenance of products and services less prone to crime. The report tentatively and conservatively estimates the carbon cost of crime in England and Wales at an annual minimum of 6000000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Estimates up to six times that amount could be justified if the carbon cost of moving home were factored in, given that crime is cited as the primary reason for moving home. The costs of crime, both fiscal and carbon, would be a matter for regret rather than action were it not for the demonstrable success of schemes to design out crime, for example from residential environments. At current domestic burglary rates (expected to rise in response to economic recession) the marginal carbon cost of building a home to Secured By Design standards would be recovered within four years, given the observed reduction in a mix of offences associated with the implementation of such standards, and recent evidence about the long duration and increased magnitude of the crime reduction gains afforded by SBD. General implementation of such standards alongside other developments in predictive patrolling could serve to reduce carbon costs further, through a variety of routes from the greater longevity of police vehicles by diminished instant response demands through to reduced court and criminal justice costs. The scope for further improvement in designing out crime from environments seems considerable, and an intensive programme of research to explore avenues for advance is advocated. This is not merely justified in itself, but is important for crime reduction to take its place in the greening of social policy generally. Ecological economics seeks to maximise the use of raw materials, and crime prevention through environmental design provides one means of giving effect to that principle whose promise has already been identified and partially realised. Details: London: Secured by Design, 2009. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/The-Carbon-Cost-of-Crime.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/The-Carbon-Cost-of-Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 122647 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDesign Against CrimeSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Shobo, Yetty Title: The Financial Burden of Substance Abuse in West Virginia: The Criminal Justice System Series 2 Summary: The growing financial cost of drug and alcohol abuse puts tremendous pressure on every social sector. The present report, part of a larger Family Funding Study project, is the first in series 2 in which the cost of drug and alcohol abuse to West Virginia’s criminal justice, healthcare, education, welfare, and workforce systems will be examined. This particular report focuses on the Criminal Justice System, which includes the Public Defender Program, Prosecuting Attorneys Institute, Parole Board, Law Enforcement, Judicial System, Division of Juvenile Services, Division of Corrections, and Regional Jail Authority. The report presents estimates of the prevalence of drug‐ and alcohol‐involved crimes and services for each agency separately and also the cost of drug‐ and alcohol‐involved crimes. Details: South Charleston, WV: West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, 2011. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2011 at: http://www.prevnet.org/Funding%20Study/PDF/2011-09-FS-CJ.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.prevnet.org/Funding%20Study/PDF/2011-09-FS-CJ.pdf Shelf Number: 122959 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderCosts of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeSubstance Abuse and Addiction(West Virginia)Substance Abuse and Crime |
Author: Gutierrez Sanin, Francisco Title: Stupid and Expensive? A critique of the costs-of-violence literature Summary: This paper considers the impact of war and violence from a perspective of economic development. The author highlights conceptual issues that have often been disregarded in the costs-of-violence literature and outlines distinctions between bullionist, deadweight and distributive approaches. The paper examines key trends emerging from the existing literature and considers Colombia and Peru as case studies. The author concludes that a more careful approach to the data when assessing the costs of war could assist in understanding how and why war may on occasion lead to patterns of increased growth and welfare and how this could better inform policy interventions. Details: London: Crisis States Research Center, 2009. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Crisis States Working Papers Series No. 2, No. 48: Accessed November 9, 2011 at: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/wp/wpSeries2/WP482.pdf Year: 2009 Country: South America URL: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/wp/wpSeries2/WP482.pdf Shelf Number: 123273 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeViolence |
Author: Oceans Beyond Piracy, One Earth Future Foundation Title: The Economic Cost of Somali Piracy 2011 Summary: This report is One Earth Future Foundation’s (OEF) second assessment of the Economic Cost of Piracy. It estimates that Somali piracy cost between $6.6 and $6.9 billion in 2011. Our previous report on the Economic Cost of Piracy in 2010, estimated that piracy cost the world $7 - $12 billion. That initial report generated a significant amount of dialogue and feedback on the cost of piracy. This report is the result of extensive research conducted by OEF with the collaborative participation of multiple different stakeholders, and includes significant contributions made by commentators, experts, and others impacted by piracy. It assesses nine different direct cost factors, and is focused specifically on the economic impact of Somali piracy. While the report assesses the cost of piracy for the year of 2011, there were significant changes and developments in piracy throughout that year, and in many ways 2011 was the ‘tale of two years’: Overall, 2011 saw an increase in attacks by Somali pirates. This was driven by a rapid escalation in the number of hostages and hijackings in the first quarter of 2011. As expected, hijackings declined during the monsoon period. But in the last quarter of the year, the anticipated resurgence of piracy following the monsoon period did not eventuate. A number of factors may explain this pattern, including an extended period of monsoonal rough weather off the coast of Somalia, and the use of deterrence mechanisms such as private armed security. Other developing trends throughout the year included an altered re-routing model where ships transited close to the western Indian coastline (rather than around the Cape of Good Hope); and pirates’ changing use of mother ships from large vessels to smaller fishing boats. Further, 2011 saw a more aggressive response from military forces conducting counter-piracy missions in the region. The project finds that of the total costs of Somali piracy in 2011, the shipping industry bore over 80% of these costs, or between $5.3 and $5.5 billion. Details: Broomfield, CO: One Earth Future Foundation, Oceans Beyond Piracy, 2011. 62p. Source: Working Paper, One Earth Foundation: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/economic_cost_of_piracy_2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/economic_cost_of_piracy_2011.pdf Shelf Number: 124078 Keywords: Costs of CrimeMaritime CrimeMaritime SecurityPiracy (Somalia)Transportation Security |
Author: Bernsen, James Aalan Title: Illegal Immigration - The Costs to Texas, 2009 Summary: This paper is an attempt to adjust the 2006 findings of the Lone Star Foundation on the costs of illegal immigration to Texas. In 2006, the Lone Star Foundation (LSF) completed a six-month review of the costs of illegal immigration to Texas. This study’s findings were published on the foundation’s website and in the book “Immigration and the American Future” by Chronicles Press. The LSF study found a total net cost to Texas of illegal immigration at around $3.5 billion, consisting of $4.5 billion of direct, identifiable costs offset by $1 billion in tax revenues. This figure confirmed estimates by the Federation for American Immigration reform (FAIR). The key cost figure in both studies was far and away the cost of education. This is because costs for health care and other services only affect a small portion of the immigrant population, while virtually all children of illegal immigrants are educated at state expense. But how do those numbers stack up today? What is the 2009 cost of illegal immigration to Texas? As the lead author of the 2006 Lone Star Foundation study, this writer takes another look at the numbers in light of recent research with the aim of updating those figures. Using population change as the major variable, as there has been little in the area of public policy which has changed since 2006, we have updated the 2006 numbers and come up with a best estimate of the minimum net costs of illegal immigration to Texas taxpayers around $4.5 billion. Additional evidence shows that number could be as high as $6 billion. Details: Austin, TX: Bernsen Consulting, 2009. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at system.gocampaign.com/files/file.asp?f=165355 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 124355 Keywords: Costs of CrimeIllegal Immigration (Texas) |
Author: Patel, Deepali M. Title: Social and Economic Costs of Violence - Workshop Summary Summary: Violence not only causes physical and emotional damage, but also creates a social and economic burden on communities. Measuring these costs can be difficult, and most estimates only consider the direct economic effects of violence, such as productivity loss or the use of health care services. Beyond these clear-cut costs, however, the pain and suffering of violence can affect human and social development and increase the risk of chronic outcomes later in life. Communities and societies feel the effects of violence through loss of social cohesion, financial divestment, and the increased burden on the health care and justice systems. Initial estimates show that the cost of implementing successful violence prevention interventions is usually less than the cost borne by individuals and society if no action is taken. April 28-29, 2011, the IOM’s Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to evaluate the social and economic costs of violence. The workshop was designed to examine cross-cutting public health approaches to violence prevention from multiple perspectives and at various levels of society. Participants focused on exploring the successes and challenges of calculating direct and indirect costs of violence, as well as the potential cost-effectiveness of intervention. Speakers discussed social and economic costs of violence at four levels: individual, family, community, and societal. This document is a summary of the workshop. Details: Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2012. 177p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2012 at: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Social-and-Economic-Costs-of-Violence-Workshop-Summary.aspx Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Social-and-Economic-Costs-of-Violence-Workshop-Summary.aspx Shelf Number: 124762 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics and CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Altindag, Duha T. Title: Essays on the Economics of Crime Summary: This dissertation includes three essays on the application of economics to various aspects of crime and criminal activity. The research presented in this dissertation points out a cause and a consequence of crime as well as the possible influence of a law on criminal activity. The first chapter provides an introduction to the ways that economic reasoning can be used to analyze criminal activity. The second chapter examines individuals‟ gun carrying activity in the presence of concealed weapon laws. The results suggest that allowing law-abiding individuals to carry concealed handguns is more likely to reduce crime than to increase it. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of joblessness on criminal activity using an international panel data set. The results indicate that increase in unemployment causes more property crimes. The fourth chapter presents evidence for the existence of a negative externality of crime. Countries that have higher crime rates suffer from the loss of international tourists and tourism revenue. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of the dissertation, provides concluding remarks, and discusses opportunities for future research in the economics of crime. Details: Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Department of Economics, 2011. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 30, 2012 at: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-05152011-212114/unrestricted/altindag_diss.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-05152011-212114/unrestricted/altindag_diss.pdf Shelf Number: 124769 Keywords: Concealed WeaponsCosts of CrimeCrime and EconomicsGunsProperty CrimesUnemployment and Crime |
Author: National Retail Federation Title: 2011 Organized Retail Crime Survey Summary: The National Retail Federation’s Organized Retail Crime survey, now in its seventh year, is conducted every spring to gauge the impact and severity of organized retail crime. This year’s survey collects information from a variety of retailers, ranging from restaurants to department stores to specialty retailers and grocery stores. Insights of senior retail loss prevention executives from 129 retail companies are included in this report. This year’s survey found that organized retail crime affects almost every single retailer, with 95 percent reporting they have been a victim of organized retail crime in the past 12 months, up six percent from last year. Although retailers continue to build their defenses against this growing problem, criminals are finding myriad ways to work around the system. Retailers are also reporting that the criminals they apprehend are increasingly resorting to violence, putting the safety of both associates and customers at risk. The scope of most criminal enterprises extends far beyond store limits. For the first time in the survey’s history, NRF polled retailers about this threat and found that nearly half of all respondents said they have been a victim of cargo theft within the past year. The survey found most cargo theft occurs en route from the distribution center to the store, but other points within the supply chain are just as vulnerable. This not only affects a retailer’s bottom line, it also affects what consumers end up seeing on the shelves at the store and the amount of inventory available. Crime rings throughout the country often take advantage of big cities and large highways to move their stolen merchandise and hit multiple targets. When asked where in the United States retailers have the most problems with criminal gangs and organized retail crime, cities including Los Angeles, Miami, New York and Dallas were listed. Making the list for the first time, Las Vegas and Phoenix are now among the top 10 metropolitan areas retailers say are affected, indicating criminal enterprises continue to travel the country. Many times, retailers and law enforcement officials find it difficult to track these crime gangs because they cross state lines in a matter of hours. New technologies, however, are beginning to play a vital role in tracking thefts and criminal behavior even through various states and at different retail companies. As the economy forces retail executives to pay close attention to every line item in their budgets, loss prevention executives say senior leadership is more likely to understand how organized retail crime impacts the company’s bottom line. This year’s survey found nearly six in 10 senior loss prevention executives say their senior management understands the severity of the problem, a big step up from the 39 percent reported in 2005. As a result, many companies are allocating additional resources – including more personnel and greater investment in technology – to combat the problem. Organized crime gangs who steal consumer and other valuable goods such as over-the-counter medicines, baby formula, diabetic testing strips and designer jeans, often use the façade of a local pawn shop, flea market or warehouse to hide their stolen merchandise. These criminals also pose as legitimate sellers on online auction sites, selling their stolen goods to innocent and unknowing consumers. The report found more than seven in 10 retailers identified or recovered this stolen merchandise from both physical and online fence locations. Industry partnerships with law enforcement and increased resources in personnel may have contributed to the increase in identifying these stolen goods. The increase in the number of retailers who have been victimized may have played a role as well. Retailers have spent years lobbying Congress about the need for specific organized retail crime legislation. Specific lobbying interests include stiffer penalties for criminals involved with organized retail crimes, expanding law enforcement’s ability to charge and prosecute offenders and decreasing the felony dollar amount threshold at which criminals are charged. Though retailers recently celebrated the passing of H.R. 5932, the Organized Retail Theft Investigation and Prosecution Act of 2010 in the House of Representatives, which aims to establish the Organized Retail Theft Investigation and Prosecution Unit with the Department of Justice, budget crises and several other pressing issues prevented this bill from being presented to the Senate. Several states have engaged the issue through state legislation and many have already seen success. The report outlines which states have already passed bills and those that are currently working on bills. Through various platforms, retailers are able to communicate and network with industry peers about the challenges organized retail crime presents for their business and how to combat the multi-billion dollar problem. These platforms include national committees, local intelligence sharing groups, partnerships with local, state, and federal law enforcement, and relationships with lawmakers. Together, retailers and law enforcement officials are making great strides in uncovering the criminal enterprises that exist throughout the country. These collaborations have resulted in many successful federal indictments and the breakup of large crime rings, which operated for years behind physical and online fence operations. From government affairs and strategic partnerships to grassroots initiatives, retailers have been very resourceful in finding ways to confront the issue. Efforts to pass federal legislation persist and work continues behind the scenes as executives from different companies come together to shed light on this growing problem. Details: Washington, DC: National Retail Federation, 2011. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2012 at http://www.nrf.com/modules.php?name=Documents&op=viewlive&sp_id=6549 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nrf.com/modules.php?name=Documents&op=viewlive&sp_id=6549 Shelf Number: 124977 Keywords: Costs of CrimeOrganized CrimeRetail TheftVictimization Survey |
Author: Karter, Jr., Michael J. Title: Fire Loss in the United States During 2010 Summary: U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 1,331,500 fires. These fires resulted in 3,120 civilian fire fatalities, 17,720 civilian fire injuries and an estimated $11,593,000,000 in direct property loss. There was a civilian fire death every 169 minutes and a civilian fire injury every 30 minutes in 2010. Home fires caused 2,640, or 85%, of the civilian fire deaths. Fires accounted for five percent of the 28,205,000 total calls. Eight percent of the calls were false alarms; sixty-six percent of the calls were for aid such as EMS. Details: Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2012 at http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.fireloss.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.fireloss.pdf Shelf Number: 125039 Keywords: ArsonArsonistsCosts of Crime |
Author: Drake, Greg Title: Recommendations for Addressing the Problem of Illegal Transfer of Guns, including Straw Purchases in Monroe County, New York Summary: Violence in Rochester, New York, has been a serious problem for its citizens, with a homicide per capita rate hovering at about 25 per 100,000 persons since 2005 and violent crime rates at about 900 incidents per 100,000 persons since 2003 (UCR for Rochester, N.Y.). In 2007, 36 of the 50 (72%) of homicides and 858 of 2352 (36.5%) of violent crimes in Rochester involved the use of a firearm (UCR for Rochester, N.Y.). Research has also shown each year there are approximately 250 victims of shootings in Monroe County. Even apart from the problem of homicide, the non-fatal shootings result in medical costs of approximately $3.3 million. Of that approximately $2.6 million is not recovered because so many victims have no insurance of any kind and cannot otherwise pay their bill. The unrecovered costs are ultimately passed on to the general population through higher medical bills, higher insurance premiums and a State indigent care pool. A significant portion of the local problem of gun violence is attributable to the illegal transfer of guns from lawful owners to illegal gun users. These may include Straw Purchases which involve a legal gun buyer purchasing a weapon on behalf of a person prohibited by law from owning a gun. In New York other illicit transfers may also involve a purchase by a legitimate permit holder who gives the weapon to someone who does not register it on their own pistol permit. A review of guns seized by the Rochester Police shows that nearly half of all guns used in crimes were illegally possessed at the time of the crime: That is, the possessor of the gun did not have a permit for the weapon and/or was a person prohibited by law from possessing the gun. Additionally, in the study 7% of guns had serial numbers that were obliterated or defaced. Finally, 15% of the crime guns had been reported stolen. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives local tracing data also show that most guns used in crime come from the local area rather than being smuggled in from other states. In summary, the data show that a large number of guns used in crimes are, at one time or another, transferred, perhaps through theft or illegal intention, from legal owners to illegal possessors of the weapon. Any successful efforts to reduce the illegal transfer of weapons can have a significant impact on local gun violence and the enormous costs born by the local community. We will begin this paper by examining federal, state and local laws dealing with gun ownership. We will also briefly discuss straw purchases. That is followed by a description of the legal process in Monroe County for the ownership and possession of pistols. That includes a review of some recent case law. This is followed by a review of a program in Los Angeles that was designed to reduce straw purchases. Finally, the paper presents five recommendations for programs that could reduce the incidence of transfer of weapons from legal to illegal possessors. Details: Rochester, NY: Center for Public Safety Initiatives, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2009. 32p. Source: Working Paper # 2009-18: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2012 at http://www.rit.edu/cla/cpsi/WorkingPapers/2009/2009-18.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.rit.edu/cla/cpsi/WorkingPapers/2009/2009-18.pdf Shelf Number: 125213 Keywords: Costs of CrimeGun Control (New York)Guns (New York)Illegal Weapons (New York) |
Author: Herring, Richard Title: Casinos and Florida: Crime and Prison Costs Summary: Based on a conservative estimate, crime increases following the introduction of casinos into Miami-Dade County will result in a $3 billion dollar impact, on just the state prison system over a 10-year period. This estimate assumes that only 3%-8% of new crime will result in arrest and sentencing. This estimate does not attempt to put a dollar value on the costs for local police, prosecutors, or courts. Nor does it attempt to quantify the costs to the individuals who are the victims of crime. The impact of crime is felt more by victims than by society as a whole. It is, however, extremely difficult to put a price tag on the impact of crime to its victims. The financial impact of crime on the community, state, and taxpayers can be estimated. Ultimately, individual and business taxpayers must pay for the direct effects of crime on the costs of community policing, prosecution, court resources, and imprisonment. Other indirect costs of increased crime also exist, such as negative impacts on property values, productivity, and availability of public resources for other community needs. This estimate assumes that 2015-16 will be the first full year of casino operation in South Florida. It further assumes that casinos will be located only in Miami-Dade County. If it included Broward and Palm Beach Counties, the fiscal impact would more than double. It conservatively assumes that crime rates in Miami-Dade County are the same as the national crime rates used in our comparison study for the United States. (Just for Florida, we know that the crime rate in 2010 for serious crimes per 100,000 population was 5,506 for Miami-Dade County and 4,105 for the state as a whole.) Details: Unpublished report: 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2012 at: http://nocasinos.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/CasinosFloridaReport.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://nocasinos.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/CasinosFloridaReport.pdf Shelf Number: 125306 Keywords: CasinosCosts of CrimeGambling and Crime (Florida) |
Author: Rolles, Steve Title: The Alternative World Drug Report: Counting the Costs of the War on Drugs Summary: The Alternative World Drug Report, launched to coincide with publication of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime’s 2012 World Drug Report, exposes the failure of governments and the UN to assess the extraordinary costs of pursuing a global war on drugs, and calls for UN member states to meaningfully count these costs and explore all the alternatives. After 50 years of the current enforcement-led international drug control system, the war on drugs is coming under unparalleled scrutiny. Its goal was to create a "drug-free world". Instead, despite more than a trillion dollars spent fighting the war, according to the UNODC, illegal drugs are used by an estimated 270 million people and organised crime profits from a trade with an estimated turnover of over $330 billion a year – the world’s largest illegal commodity market. In its 2008 World Drug Report, the UNODC acknowledged that choosing an enforcement-based approach was having a range of negative "unintended consequences", including: the creation of a vast criminal market, displacement of the illegal drugs trade to new areas, diversion of funding from health, and the stigmatisation of users. It is unacceptable that neither the UN or its member governments have meaningfully assessed these unintended consequences to establish whether they outweigh the intended consequences of the current global drug control system, and that they are not documented in the UNODC’s flagship annual World Drug Report. This groundbreaking Alternative World Drug Report fills this gap in government and UN evaluations by detailing the full range of negative impacts resulting from choosing an enforcement-led approach. Details: Count the Costs.org, 2012. 111p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 2, 2012 at: http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/AWDR.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/AWDR.pdf Shelf Number: 125458 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug EnforcementDrug PolicyIllegal DrugsOrganized Crime |
Author: Shapiro, Robert J. Title: The Economic Benefits of Reducing Violent Crime: A Case Study of 8 American Cities Summary: This report presents the findings and conclusions of a yearlong project to examine and analyze the costs of violent crimes in a sample of eight major American cities and estimate the savings and other benefits that would accompany significant reductions in those crimes. This analysis draws on data pinpointing the incidence and location of murders, rapes, assaults, and robberies. The data were provided by the police departments of Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Jacksonville, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, and Seattle. We examined a broad range of both direct and intangible costs associated with those violent crimes based on their incidence in each of the eight cities in 2010. The direct costs reported here are those borne by the residents and city governments of the eight cities, although additional costs are also borne by state and federal governments and the taxpayers who finance them. Finally, we calculated the benefits to those residents associated with substantial reductions in violent crime, including the impact on residential home values and a variety of savings to the city governments. In today’s tight fiscal and economic environment, the mayors and city councils of every city—along with state and the federal governments—are searching for ways to reduce their spending and expand their revenues. The common challenge is to achieve sustainable fiscal conditions without hobbling government’s ability to provide the vital goods and services that most Americans expect, all without burdening businesses and families with onerous new taxes. This analysis provides another way available to many American municipalities: Secure budget savings, higher revenues, and personal income and wealth gains by reducing violent crime rates. To calculate the extent of those savings and benefits, we analyze a broad range of direct costs associated with the violent crime in the eight cities sampled here. These direct costs start with local spending on policing, prosecuting, and incarcerating the perpetrators of those crimes. These costs also encompass out-of-pocket medical expenses borne by surviving victims of violent crime as well as the income those victims must forgo as a result of the crimes. These costs also include the lost incomes that would otherwise be earned by the perpetrators of violent crimes had they not been apprehended—as distasteful as it is to calculate the foregone income of rapists or armed robbers who are arrested, convicted, and incarcerated. These direct, annual costs range from $90 million per year in Seattle to around $200 million per year in Boston, Jacksonville, and Milwaukee, to more than $700 million in Philadelphia and nearly $1.1 billion for Chicago. This report also examines certain intangible costs associated with violent crime, including the pain and suffering of the surviving victims of violent crime and the costs to the families of murder victims. Across the eight cities examined here, the total annual costs of violent crimes, including these intangible costs as well as the more direct ones, range from more than $300 million per year in Seattle to more than $900 million in Boston, to some $3.7 billion per year in Philadelphia and $5.3 billion for Chicago. Details: Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2012. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 10, 2012 at: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/06/pdf/violent_crime.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/06/pdf/violent_crime.pdf Shelf Number: 125533 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomic AnalysisEconomics and CrimeViolenceViolent Crime (U.S.) |
Author: De Martino, Luigi Title: Reducing Armed Violence, Enabling Development Summary: The residents of low- and middle-income countries bear a grossly disproportionate share of the global burden of armed violence. Insecurity and high levels of violence have profoundly negative consequences for societies and the quality of people’s lives. Not only does armed violence in its different forms kill and injure hundreds of thousands of people every year, but the impact of wide-scale violence and armed conflict is devastating on a country’s public institutions, national economy, infrastructure, and social cohesion (GD Secretariat, 2008, p. 31). Violence stops or even reverses development, especially in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, weak governance, economic stagnation, and social inequalities contribute to the persistence of violence. This Research Note relies mostly on the key findings of the 2008 and 2011 Global Burden of Armed Violence (GBAV) reports (GD Secretariat, 2008; 2011), as well as on the World Bank’s World Development Report 2011 (World Bank, 2011). It examines the negative relationship between armed violence and development by providing an overview of the impacts of armed violence and considering the links between armed violence and development; more specifically, it highlights the statistical evidence on the linkages between lethal violence and specific Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A clear message emerges from this analysis: if countries and donors want to realize their development goals, then addressing the root causes of armed violence becomes a priority for policy-makers. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: Small Arms Survey, 2012. 4p. Source: Small Arms Survey Research Notes, Number 19: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2012 at http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-19.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-19.pdf Shelf Number: 125946 Keywords: Armed ViolenceCosts of CrimeCrime PreventionViolence |
Author: Jones, Lisa Title: The Economic and Social Costs of Alcohol-Related Harm in Leeds 2008-09 Summary: Alcohol plays an important role in society, being consumed by the majority of adults and making an important contribution to the economy. However, the consumption of alcohol has health and social consequences borne both by individuals and their families, and by the wider community - the cost of alcohol in Leeds to the NHS alone has been estimated to be in excess of £20 million per year. The purpose of this report is to present estimates of the wider economic and social costs of alcohol-related harm in Leeds. Identifying the costs of alcohol-related harm is essential in informing decision-making across government and multi-agency partners regarding alcohol policy, investment in and commissioning of alcohol interventions at a regional and local level, and at an individual level, influencing lifestyle behaviour. Using cost of illness methodology this report attempts to identify and quantify, in economic terms, the impact of alcohol-related harm in Leeds through expenditure on: • The costs of health and social care for people with alcohol-related ill health, including services provided by NHS Leeds and Leeds City Council; • Criminal justice system costs for alcohol-specific and alcohol-related crimes; • The costs of productivity losses in the workplace due to absenteeism, reduced productivity and premature mortality; and • An estimate of the intangible or human costs, representing the wider impacts of premature death. Alcohol also makes an important contribution to the economy, for example through the key role it plays within the leisure and tourist industry, and the report considers the contribution that the production, distribution and sale of alcohol makes to the Leeds economy. The methods used to estimate the economic and social costs of alcohol-related harm in Leeds were based on approaches used in other costing studies, in particular those related to alcohol misuse. These methods aim to identify and measure all costs related to alcohol misuse, including the direct costs, indirect costs in the form of production losses, and intangible or ‘human’ costs. Estimates of the economic and social costs of alcohol-related harm in Leeds in 2008/09 totalled £438.0 million across the four categories as follows: Health and social care; Criminal justice system; Workplace and lost productivity; and Wider social and economic costs. Details: Liverpool: Centre for Public Health, Faculty of Health and Applied Social Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2012 at: http://www.cph.org.uk/showPublication.aspx?pubid=713 Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cph.org.uk/showPublication.aspx?pubid=713 Shelf Number: 125985 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, Disorder (U.K.)Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal Justice |
Author: Soeiro, Mafalda Title: Determinants of Highter Education Students' Willingness to Pay for Violent Crime Reduction: A Contingent Valuation Study Summary: By eliciting an individual’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a reduction in crime risks, the contingent valuation method is one of the most solid methodologies in use to estimate the intangible costs of crime. However, very few studies have applied contingent valuation methods to random samples of the population located in high crime rate areas. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to apply the contingent valuation method to estimate how much a specific group of society, which is relatively prone to falling victim to (violent) crime, i.e., students, is willing to pay to reduce the likelihood of being the victim of violent crime. In contrast to the existing literature, our study focuses on a rather unexplored context, Portugal, where criminality and violent crime rates are relatively low by international standards, even though they have been on the rise. Based on responses from 1122 higher education students in a broad range of degrees (from Economics to Psychology and the Humanities), we found that 33% of our respondents have been victims of crime in the past, although in general they did not result in physical or psychological injuries. A reasonable percentage of the students (almost 40%) is very worried about falling victim to a crime and 52.8% worries moderately. Over 40% of our respondents were willing to pay a certain amount but less than 50€, whereas 20.8% were willing to pay between 50€ and 250€. On average, all other determinants constant, younger and female students revealed that they were more inclined to pay so as to avoid violent crime than their older and male counterparts. Low and high income Portuguese students do not differ in their willingness to pay more to avoid being victims of violent crime. Cautious behaviour, such as locking doors at home, and a strong opinion about policies and payment vehicles with potential to reduce the risk of crime is positively associated with the WTP. Finally, the students’ field of study surfaced as a key determinant of WTP – students enrolled in Economics and Management revealed a higher WTP. Such findings are likely to have a critical impact on crime and insurance policies. Details: Porto, Brazil: Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, 2010. 41p. Source: FEP Working Papers N. 384: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2012 at http://wps.fep.up.pt/wps/wp384.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://wps.fep.up.pt/wps/wp384.pdf Shelf Number: 126018 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCrime ReductionViolent Crime |
Author: Mejia, Daniel Title: The War on Illegal Drug Production and Trafficking: An Economic Evaluation of Plan Colombia Summary: This paper provides a thorough economic evaluation of the anti-drug policies implemented in Colombia between 2000 and 2006 under the so-called Plan Colombia. The paper develops a game theory model of the war against illegal drugs in producer countries. We explicitly model illegal drug markets, which allows us to account for the feedback effects between policies and market outcomes that are potentially important when evaluating large scale policy interventions such as Plan Colombia. We use available data for the war on cocaine production and trafficking as well as outcomes from the cocaine markets to calibrate the parameters of the model. Using the results from the calibration we estimate important measures of the costs, effectiveness, and efficiency of the war on drugs in Colombia. Finally we carry out simulations in order to assess the impact of increases in the U.S. budget allocated to Plan Colombia, and find that a three-fold increase in the U.S. budget allocated to the war on drugs in Colombia would decrease the amount of cocaine that successfully reaches consumer countries by about 17%. Details: Brighton, UK: Households in Conflict Network, The Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, 2008. 57p. Source: HiCN Working Paper 53: Internet Resource: Accessed August 28, 2012 at http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wp53.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Colombia URL: http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wp53.pdf Shelf Number: 126125 Keywords: Armed Conflict (Colombia)Cocaine (Colombia)Costs of CrimeDrug Trafficking (Colombia)Drugs and Crime (Colombia)Evaluative StudiesWar on Drugs (Colombia) |
Author: KPMG, Assurance & Advisory Services Center Title: E-Commerce and Cyber Crime: New Strategies for Managing the Risks of Exploitation Summary: At the turn of the millennium, one would be hard-pressed to find a competitive and thriving organisation that does not rely upon communications and other information technologies as an enabler of its activities. No longer incidental to the workings of an organisation, technology is integral to business today. At the same time, however, the very “digital nervous system,” as Bill Gates terms it, that enables and improves our lives at work and at home also creates enormous new risks, many of which organisations may not perceive or have not yet considered. The complexity of modern enterprises, their reliance on technology, and the heightened interconnectivity among organisations that is both a result and a driver of e-business— these are rapidly evolving developments that create widespread opportunities for theft, fraud, and other forms of exploitation by offenders both outside and inside an organisation. With the growth of e-business, internal and external perpetrators can exploit traditional vulnerabilities in seconds. They can also take advantage of new weaknesses—in the software and hardware architectures that now form the backbone of most organisations. In a networked environment, such crimes can be committed on a global basis from almost any location in the world, and they can significantly affect an organisation’s overall well-being. As businesses grow and partner, systems become increasingly sophisticated and less dependent on human intervention. Monitoring individual behaviour becomes more difficult (though certainly more important); and vulnerability to electronic crime grows as organisations are increasingly connected to, and reliant on, individuals and systems they do not directly control. Most organisations are alert to the risks posed by electronic viruses such as the May 2000 “I Love You” virus, which spawned a number of derivative viruses and is estimated to have cost businesses and governments upward of $10 billion dollars. Many, however, remain unaware of the extent to which they can be harmed by a wide variety of cyber misbehaviour that may originate with their own employees or partners. As organisations develop and refine their e-business strategies, they need to consider the issues that influence the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their data. In this context, they need to know how they can be affected by the new risks of e-crime and how inadequate preparation could leave them open to an attack that could easily diminish the value of their businesses. This white paper focuses on how organisations can use a comprehensive cyber defence program to turn e-crime preparedness into a new competitive advantage. It describes the business risks now evolving rapidly in the electronic marketplace. It discusses how some attacks take place as well as how some organisations are beginning to protect themselves, both to deter and respond to attacks and to avert further damage once an exploitation has taken place. Finally, this document examines how the scope and nature of e-crime is expected to change and how organisations can prepare to meet those new challenges. Details: New York: KPMG, 2000. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2012 at http://www.uazuay.edu.ec/bibliotecas/e-marketing/E-Commerce%20and%20Cyber%20Crime.pdf Year: 2000 Country: United States URL: http://www.uazuay.edu.ec/bibliotecas/e-marketing/E-Commerce%20and%20Cyber%20Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 126333 Keywords: Computer CrimesCosts of CrimeCybercrimesCybersecurity |
Author: Hui, Freda Title: Centrelink Prosecutions at the Employment/Benefit Nexus: A Case Study of Wollongong Summary: This report examines financial and social issues pertaining to Centrelink prosecutions for overpayments of unemployment‐related social security benefits. Specifically, it examines the circumstances of prosecutions of those returning to work, and those in precarious casual employment. A sample of overpayment prosecutions in the Wollongong area of New South Wales from July 2008 to June 2010 is profiled and analysed. Details: Wollongong, Australia: Social Accounting and Accountability Research Centre (SAARC), 2011. 70p. Source: Faculty of Commerce - Papers: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2012 at http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1992&context=commpapers&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dcentrelink%2520prosecutions%2520at%2520the%2520employment%252Fbenefit%2520nexus%253A%2520a%2520case%2520study%2520of%2520wollongong%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CCIQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fro.uow.edu.au%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1992%2526context%253Dcommpapers%26ei%3DrXpSUNTLFoXK9QS1oIDwDw%26usg%3DAFQjCNFLIuWVgjB15ftY6exRNJu1KPIZPw#search=%22centrelink%20prosecutions%20employment%2Fbenefit%20nexus%3A%20case%20study%20wollongong%22 Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1992&context=commpapers&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dcentrelink%2520prosecutions%2520at%2520the%2520employment%252Fbenefit%252 Shelf Number: 126345 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDiffusion of BenefitsProsecutionUnemployment and Crime |
Author: Ponemon, Larry Title: The Cost of a Lost Laptop Summary: An independent study on laptop security commissioned by Intel Corporation and conducted by Ponemon Institute analyzes the potential business costs of stolen or lost laptop computers, suggesting that in an era where "the office" can be almost anywhere, good security precautions are essential. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2009. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/fckjail/generalcontent/18/file/Cost%20of%20a%20Lost%20Laptop%20White%20Paper%20Final%203.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/fckjail/generalcontent/18/file/Cost%20of%20a%20Lost%20Laptop%20White%20Paper%20Final%203.pdf Shelf Number: 126514 Keywords: Costs of CrimeLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Ponemon Institute Title: The Billion Euro Lost Laptop Problem: Benchmark study of European organizations Summary: Intel and Ponemon Institute are pleased to present the results of The Billion Euro Lost Laptop Problem, which is an independent benchmark study of 275 private and public sector organizations located in eight countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Sweden and Spain. The purpose of the study is to determine the economic consequences to European organizations when laptops used by employees and contractors are lost or stolen. To calculate the total economic impact we referred to The Cost of a Lost Laptop benchmark study released in 2009 and also sponsored by Intel. In that study we were able to determine that the average value of one lost laptop is 35,284 Euros. We believe this study is important because it reveals the significant cost to organizations as a result of lost or missing laptops. Based on previous Ponemon Institute research completed in May 2009, the total economic impact of one lost laptop is $49,256 (or €35,284). If we apply the figures from this earlier research to the present sample, this would be a combined cost of €1.29 billion for the 275 organizations participating in our study. This yields €4.8 million per organization, on average. In addition to convincing employees and contractors of the importance of keeping a careful watch over their laptops, it is also important to protect the sensitive data contained on the computer. Not surprisingly, lost or stolen laptops are costly to organizations. But it is not the replacement cost that should have companies concerned. Rather it is the data and the risk of a data breach that can have serious financial implications for companies. The cost of a data breach, as we determined in the 2009 study, represents 80 percent of the total cost of a lost laptop compared to two percent for replacing the computer. We also found that encryption on average can reduce the cost of a lost laptop by nearly half. We also recommend training and awareness programs for all employees who have laptops. Only 13 percent are lost in the workplace. Thus, special attention should be paid to instructing employees who take their laptops off-site such as when traveling or working from home. Another important recommendation is to have policies that require employees to report a lost or stolen laptop as soon as possible. In addition, anti-theft and data protection solutions are available to secure laptops and the sensitive and confidential information they contain. Based on the costly consequences of lost laptops, the business case can be made for allocating the necessary resources to stop the loss and protect the data. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2011. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/case-study/mobile-computing-security-eu-benchmark-study.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/case-study/mobile-computing-security-eu-benchmark-study.pdf Shelf Number: 126515 Keywords: Costs of CrimeLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Ponemon Institute Title: The Billion Dollar Lost Laptop Problem: Benchmark study of U.S. organizations Summary: What do you think your organization would do if it realized that each year it is losing millions of dollars because of the carelessness of employees and contractors entrusted with laptops? While organizations may be aware of the lost laptop problem, we do not believe they understand fully the adverse affect it may be having on their bottom line. If they did, we believe they would be more diligent in protecting these devices. For this reason, Intel and Ponemon Institute decided to conductThe Billion Dollar Lost Laptop Problem, an independent benchmark study of 329 private and public sector organizations located in the United States. The purpose of the study is to determine the economic consequences to organizations when laptops used by employees and contractors are lost or stolen. To calculate the total economic impact, we referred toThe Cost of a Lost Laptopbenchmark study released in 2009 and also sponsored by Intel. In that study, we were able to determine that the average value of one lost laptop is $49,246. The Cost of a Lost Laptop study, conducted by Ponemon Institute in 2009 and sponsored by Intel, was the first benchmark study to estimate full costs associated with a lost or stolen laptop. The benchmark analysis focuses on representative samples of organizations in the US that had experienced laptop loss or theft within the last 12 months. The analysis was based on 138 separate incidents involving lost laptops as used by employees, temporary employees and contractors. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2010. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/white-paper/enterprise-security-the-billion-dollar-lost-laptop-problem-paper.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/white-paper/enterprise-security-the-billion-dollar-lost-laptop-problem-paper.pdf Shelf Number: 126516 Keywords: Costs of CrimeLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Revolving Doors Agency Title: Ending the Revolving Door: How the First Generation of Police and Crime Commissioners Can Cut Crime by Working in Partnership to Address Multiple Needs Summary: With nearly half a million crimes committed by former offenders in the year ending June 2010, repeat offending and anti-social behaviour is causing serious damage to communities, taking up valuable police resources, and placing a major burden on the public purse. A significant proportion of this crime is committed by people with multiple needs, who are falling through gaps in services and failing to get the help they need to stop offending. This briefing highlights to police and crime commissioner candidates the importance of dealing effectively with this group of ‘revolving door’ offenders in order to reduce crime and maintain an efficient police force, and offers solutions for them to consider locally. Details: London: Revolving Doors Agency, 2012. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2012 at http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/documents/ending-the-revolving-door/ Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/documents/ending-the-revolving-door/ Shelf Number: 126640 Keywords: Anti-Social BehaviorCosts of CrimeCriminal Justice PolicyRe-OffendingRecidivism |
Author: Albanese, Jay S. Title: Assessing Risk, Harm, and Threat to Target Resources against Organized Crime: A Method to Identify the Nature and Severity of the Professional Activity of Organized Crime and its Impacts (Economic, Social, Political) Summary: The risk, harms, and threat posed by organized crime are a central concern of governments and citizens around the world. Methods to identify, rank, and combat organized crime activity are drawing greater attention in recent years as both domestic and international organized crime activities threaten legitimate economies, governments, and public safety. In response to calls for proactive work to better understand, anticipate, and respond to organized crime, methods are being developed to calibrate the comparative risk of different crime groups and different types of legal and illegal markets at risk for infiltration. Many international efforts are in their early stages, and lack a transparent approach or method, so an effort is made here to develop a more precise empirical, theoretically-based approach to risk assessment which has relevance across jurisdictions. The result reported here is a proposed methodology that offers both law enforcement and prevention efforts a basis for targeting resources using an objective rationale and risk model. In this way, the precise nature of different organized crime-related risks will be identified empirically, and which can be defended to skeptics, and permit the allocation of scarce resources to those organized crime problems found to pose the greatest risk. Furthermore, periodic application of this risk assessment method can be used to gauge the success of organized crime interdiction and prevention efforts over time. This working paper will move forward existing research and practical assessment efforts on organized crime both within (domestic) and also among countries (international) by offering a transparent approach not confined to any particular location. But first it is necessary to be clear about the precise issues to be assessed: what is organized crime, risk, harm, and threat - the four central elements to this effort. Details: Santiago, Chile: Global Consortium on Security Transformation (GCST), 2012. 20p. Source: GCST Working Paper Series No. 12: Library Resource: Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Rutgers Newark Law Library, Acc. # 126642 Year: 2012 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 126642 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime PreventionCriminal OrganizationsOrganized CrimeRisk Assessment |
Author: Dwyer, Allison M. Title: Data-Driven Decisionmaking for Strategic Justice Reinvestment Summary: This publication is one of three policy briefs designed to guide local policymakers in undertaking justice reinvestment, a data-driven strategy to identify the drivers of criminal justice system costs and make more efficient use of resources while maintaining public safety. This brief discusses the central role of strategic planning entities in the justice reinvestment process; outlines how these bodies are structured and operated; and provides guidance in establishing or expanding such a collaborative. A case study from one local justice reinvestment site is presented to highlight the recommended process. Additional resources and a "getting started" worksheet are included in an appendix. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2012. 10p. Source: Justice Reinvestment at the Local Level, Brief 2: Internet Resource: Accessed October 10, 2012 at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412543-Data-Driven-Decisionmaking-for-Strategic-Justice-Reinvestment.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412543-Data-Driven-Decisionmaking-for-Strategic-Justice-Reinvestment.pdf Shelf Number: 126668 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCrime StatisticsEvaluative Studies |
Author: Sturmey, Tony Title: Plant Theft in the UK & the Industry Response Summary: Construction Equipment (usually referred to as Plant) is commonly found at building sites and roadworks. The term “Plant” covers a variety of equipment from handheld portable tools to large earthmoving equipment and mobile cranes. There are many types of plant covering a wide variety of uses including such items as generators, excavators, and access platforms. As technology progresses, Plant has become more compact. A side effect of this is that Plant has become easier to steal. Like anything which has value and for which there is a ready market, machinery and equipment is highly susceptible to theft. For Plant, the risk is greater, as most items can be either carried away or, in the case of a large proportion of mobile plant, started with the use of a single common key. The precise extent of the problem in financial terms is open for dispute, but it is accepted the problem is commonplace in the UK costing in the region of £1.5 million every week, with mini-diggers alone producing annual estimated losses of around £20.0 million. The principal victims of Plant theft are the contractors, the Insurers, banks and financial institutions. Uninsured losses to the Plant owner are estimated to be twice the value of the item stolen and reflect the cost of delays and administrative expenses that arise following the theft. Once stolen, equipment is rarely recovered. Until recently, the recovery rates for Plant were in the region of 5%. This compares to 70% for other vehicles such as cars. There are numerous causes for this wide discrepancy, not least of which is the lack of any uniform and centralised data registration system for recording Plant identification. In fact, even when it is recovered, items of Plant often remains unidentified by Insurers who lack specific details of what was insured and Owners who, having received monies from their Insurers, have already replaced the stolen items. In the UK Insurance market it is common practise to write policies on a “blanket” or unspecified basis. As a result Insurers often do not have the specific details of the Plant they are covering, no idea if the declared New Replacement Value is accurate and very little idea how it’s being protected against Theft. Only in situations when the Plant is hired out do Insurers retain, at least some possibility of recouping their losses under Hire Conditions that may make the Hirer responsible for loss or damage. In an effort to combat theft, the “Plant Theft Action Group” (PTAG) was formed in 1996 as a Home office advisory body under the auspices of the Vehicle Crime Reduction Team (VCRAT). The Home Office produced the first version of its Security Guidance Document in 2002. Despite the efforts of this and other industry groups, until recently little progress had been made, as Insurers, manufacturers and users failed to find a common basis to move forward. The picture that emerges is that overall Plant is poorly protected, with mini-excavators and trailer/towed Plant being particularly vulnerable. Details: International Association of Engineering Insurers, 2010. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2012 at http://www.imia.com/downloads/external_papers/EP44_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.imia.com/downloads/external_papers/EP44_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 127100 Keywords: BurglaryConstruction Equipment TheftCosts of CrimeProperty CrimesTheft Offenses |
Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Committee of Public Accounts Title: Tackling Anti-Social Behaviour Summary: Anti-social behaviour by a small proportion of individuals and families brings misery and despair to local communities. Responding to reports of anti-social behaviour in England and Wales costs government agencies around £3.4 billion a year. There are also significant indirect costs to local communities and businesses, as well as emotional costs to victims and witnesses. In 2003 the Home Office formed the Anti-Social Behaviour Unit with an annual budget of £25 million to design and implement the Government’s policy on antisocial behaviour. In September 2005 the Government announced the creation of the cross government Respect Task Force to take forward the anti-social behaviour agenda and in January 2006 the Government published the Respect Action Plan. Anti-social behaviour measures were first introduced in the mid 1990s, and since this time more powers and measures have been added to give local authorities, the police and others a toolkit of measures with which to tackle incidents of anti-social behaviour. People’s perception of the level of anti-social behaviour varies by gender, area and age, with people most likely to perceive high levels in areas of greatest social deprivation. Comparable local areas use different approaches to dealing with anti-social behaviour and there has been no comparative evaluation of the success of these approaches. Nor has there has been a comprehensive evaluation of the use and success of the different measures and powers, making it difficult for the Home Office, the Respect Task Force and those dealing with anti-social behaviour to assess what works best. On the basis of a Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Committee examined the Home Office and the Respect Task Force on evidence emerging from the sample of 893 cases of individuals receiving anti-social behaviour interventions reviewed by the National Audit Office. Of this sample, around 46% related to people aged under 18 and 54% were over 18. In the absence of central data and national evaluations, the National Audit Office had used the sample to determine the apparent impact of the intervention applied in each case, in terms of whether there was evidence of further anti-social behaviour within the period covered by the case file review, and if so, after how long and what further intervention then occurred. Some 65% of the people in the sample received only one intervention. The National Audit Office review also found, however, that a small core of people engaged repeatedly in anti-social behaviour with around 20% of their sample cases receiving over half of all interventions issued. The Committee also questioned the Home Office about its recent disclosure that a backlog of 27,500 notifications of convictions of British citizens abroad had been passed to the Association of Chief Police Officers for checking and entering on the Police National Computer in March 2006 after being allowed to build up over several years. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2007. 53p. Source: Forty-Fourth Report of Session 2006-07: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2012 at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmpubacc/246/246.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmpubacc/246/246.pdf Shelf Number: 127252 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (U.K.)Costs of CrimeCrime Prevention ProgramsCriminal Justice PolicyIntervention Programs |
Author: Institute for Economics and Peace Title: Violence Containment Spending in the Untied States: A New Methodology to Categorize and Account for the Economic Activity Related to Violence Summary: It has been well established that violence has a marked effect on economic activity with many studies demonstrating the negative economic impacts of crime, incarceration, insurgencies and especially war. However, there have been no studies to systematically aggregate the economic costs of all forms of violence, including the costs of prevention and protection, to understand how much of an economy is captured by violence and violence containment. For the purposes of classification, this form of economic activity has been defined as the violence containment industry (VCI). Aggregated as an industry sector it would be the single largest in the United States. The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) has developed a new methodology to quantify the cost of violence and the economic gains associated with peace for the U.S. economy. All expenditure that is related to violence containment, whether performed by the military on the international stage or domestically through the provision of services to fight crime, has been classified together as the Violence Containment Industry or alternately, as violence containment spending. This provides a framework to classify and better understand a substantial part of the U.S. economy as well as providing a platform for future research. Given the sheer size of the U.S. economy that is dedicated to containing violence, quantifying the expenditure as a discrete industry creates a unique basis for further analysis and debate. IEP defines violence containment spending as economic activity that is related to the consequences or prevention of violence where the violence is directed against people or property. This includes all expenditures related to violence, including but not limited to medical expenses, incarceration, police, the military, insurance, and the private security industry. It is divided into local, state, and federal government expenditure as well as private spending by corporations, households, and individuals. While expenditures on containing violence are an important and necessary public good, the less a nation spends on violence related functions the more resources a nation can allocate to other, more productive areas of economic activity. Expenditure on violence containment is economically efficient when it effectively prevents violence for the least amount of outlay. However, money that is spent on surplus violence containment, or money that is spent on inefficient programs has the potential to constrain a nations’ economic growth. This is simply because much of this type of expenditure is fundamentally unproductive, and if redirected toward productive pursuits, would improve government balance sheets, company profits and ultimately, the productivity and wellbeing of society. The research presented in this report shows that in 2010, VCI accounted for $2.16 trillion or around 15% of U.S. gross domestic product. This figure is considered conservative due to the difficulties of accounting for all private and public sector spending. Having not conducted an analysis of the size of the violence containment spending in other countries it is difficult to assess independently how the U.S. fares compared to other countries. Given the size of its defense and associated homeland security spending, the final size of the VCI in the U.S. is likely higher than other developed nations. THE KEY FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ARE: • Violence Containment spending in the U.S. amounted to $2.16 trillion in 2010 equivalent to just over $15,000 for each taxpayer or $7,000 per year for every man, woman and child.¹ • If violence containment spending was represented as a discrete industry, it would be the largest industry in the United States economy, larger than construction, real estate, professional services or manufacturing. • If violence containment spending was represented as a discrete national economic entity, it would be the seventh largest economy in the world - only slightly smaller than the UK economy. • Violence containment spending is four times higher than the national defense budget. • Public sector spending on VCI accounts for 10.8% of GDP while private sector spending is 4.2% of GDP.² • If U.S. federal violence containment spending was reduced by $326 billion or 25%, i.e. to the same relative levels as in 2001, then in one year the saved funds would be sufficient to entirely update the energy grid, rebuild all levies and renew the nation’s school infrastructure. Violence containment spending has been broken down into both the public and private sectors, and is represented in terms of net value added.³ It shows that the Federal Government spends over $1.3 trillion or approximately 9% of GDP on violence containment. This is more than was spent on pensions and more than double what was spent on infrastructure in 2010. National defense spending includes the Department of Defense, Homeland Security, Veterans Affairs and the debt servicing on these expenditures which is based on the proportion of military related government expenditure.4 Private sector spending on violence containment is conservatively estimated to be $605 billion or 4.2% of 2010 GDP. The remaining amount is spent by state and local government on police, justice, corrections and other security related measures. The approach presented in this report enables a new and novel approach to understanding the international economic competitiveness of a nation, based on calculating the percentage of GDP spent on violence containment. The less a nation spends on violence containment, providing it is also more peaceful, then the more competitive the economy should be, due to the ability to deploy its resources more efficiently. This evidently is only one dimension of national competitiveness, but a uniquely original and important one. For business, higher violence containment spending can result in unaccounted costs such as higher taxes, increased sunken costs and increased ancillary costs such as investing in security systems, security guards or even higher insurance premiums. Additionally, the higher the level of violence in a corporation’s area of operations then the more management time is devoted to responding to security rather than market development or competitive issues. This represents ‘lost’ opportunity which could be transferred into developing capital and expanding profits. Given the enormity of the number of items that needed to be counted in this exercise, it is inevitable many much smaller items were excluded given the difficulty of obtaining data on the true value-added figure. As an illustrative example some of the more meaningful items excluded have been included on page ten. The sheer size of spending on the Violence Containment Industries very clearly illustrates the enormous benefits of investing in the prevention of violence. If policymakers clearly understood the economic burden of non-productive violence containment then improving the levels of peacefulness would be seen as central to long term structural reforms. Details: New York: Institute for Economics and Peace, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Violence-Containment-in-the-US-Report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Violence-Containment-in-the-US-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 127342 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of Crime (U.S.)ViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Allard, Troy Title: Targeting Crime Prevention: Identifying communities which generate chronic and costly offenders to reduce offending, crime, victimisation and Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system Summary: Indigenous over-representation is the most significant social justice and public policy issue within the Australian criminal justice system. Despite the existence of justice agreements and plans in every jurisdiction over the past decade, the gap has continued to widen in every jurisdiction. Indigenous people aged 10 and over were between 5.6 and 8.4 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to be arrested during 2009-2010. Indigenous youth were 13.4 times more likely than non-Indigenous youth to be under community supervision and 23.9 times more likely to be in youth detention during 2009-2010. Indigenous adults were 14.3 times more likely than non-Indigenous adults to be incarcerated during 2011. Two national policy initiatives are driving attempts to reduce Indigenous disadvantage, including Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system. The Closing the Gap strategy recognises the need for a long-term approach to reduce Indigenous disadvantage. The strategy aims to achieve simultaneous improvements in seven areas of life: early childhood, schooling, health, economic participation, healthy homes, safe communities and governance and leadership. The National Indigenous Law & Justice Framework aims to create safer Indigenous communities. One of the main mechanisms proposed to reduce Indigenous over-representation as offenders in the criminal justice system is through the use of effective and targeted crime prevention programs. Unfortunately little publically available information exists regarding how programs might be targeted to reduce offending by Indigenous peoples. Details: Report to the Criminology Research Advisory Council, 2012. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 11, 2013 at: Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 127583 Keywords: AboriginalsChronic OffendersCommunities and CrimeCosts of CrimeCrime Prevention (Australia)Indigenous PeoplesMinority Groups |
Author: Kolbe, Athena R. Title: The Economic Costs of Violent Crime in Urban Haiti. Results from Monthly Household Surveys, August 2011- July 2012 Summary: Crime and victimization are amongst the most pressing concerns cited by Haitian citizens today. Surveys conducted on a monthly basis between August 2011 and July 2012 indicate that violent crime is increasingly common, particularly in the densely packed `popular` zones of Haiti’s largest urban centers. Paradoxically, in spite of increased international investment in restoring the capacities of the Haitian National Police, ordinary Haitians struggle to access basic policing services. This Strategic Brief is the second of a series that features findings from longitudinal surveys using random sampling methods. The assessment is focused principally on households residing in urban areas of Port-au-Prince, Les Cayes, Cap Haitien, Gonaives, St. Marc, Jacmel and Leogane. All respondents were randomly selected and surveyed about their experiences with crime, their quality of life, and their ability to access basic services such as health care. Taken together, these surveys also demonstrate the serious economic costs of insecurity amongst ordinary Haitians. The findings of the Strategic Brief are: • The crude murder rate for Port-au-Prince increased from 60.9 to 76.2 murders per 100,000 between February and July 2012, with residents of “popular zones” being 40 times more likely to be murdered than other urban dwellers. • The costs of a physical or sexual assault on a household member amounts to roughly 20 per cent of the household’s annual income while a murder can leave households with expenses that are 5.5 times the annual average annual income. • Children are particularly vulnerable to adverse outcomes after the victimization of a household member. When compared with children from households not experiencing crime, victimized children were more likely to be sent to live with other families as restaveks (unpaid domestic servants), to experience food insecurity, and to be forced to withdraw from school. • Funeral and burial costs averaged USD $4,958.70. Nearly all of the households surveyed took out loans to pay for the costs of the funeral; the interest charged on loans from moneylenders and morticians ranged from 50-150 per cent. • Reports of police bribes increased between A A ugust 2011 and July 2012. Nearly 25 per cent of victims of physical assaults and 19 per cent of victims of property crime said they were asked for or paid a bribe to police to facilitate the progress of their case. • More than half of sexual assault victims and household members who tried to report the crime to the police complained that officers refused to make a report or tried to dissuade the victim or family members from doing so. Roughly 12 per cent of sexual assault victims reported paying or being asked for bribes by police; the average bribe given was 1,209 gourdes (SD: 744.3 gourdes), about USD $30. Details: Rio de Janeiro: Igarape Institute, 2012. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Strategic Note 2: Accessed March 20, 2013 at: http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/themes/igarape_v2/pdf/Strategic_Note_2.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Haiti URL: http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/themes/igarape_v2/pdf/Strategic_Note_2.pdf Shelf Number: 128045 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime Statistics (Haiti)HomicidesMurdersVictimization SurveysViolent Crime |
Author: Koeppel, Maria Title: The Burden of Victimization Summary: A staggering 9 million property crimes and nearly 1.25 million violent crimes occurred nationwide during 2010.1 These crimes led to an estimated 18.7 million people becoming victims of violent or property crime.2 As the second largest state, a sizable proportion of these crimes occurred in Texas, which recorded nearly 1 million property index crimes and over 113,000 violent index crimes in 2010.3 While violent and property crime and subsequent victimization rates have been declining during the past decade, the need for and importance of victim services should not be underestimated. Criminal victimization is a heavy burden to bear, beginning with the immediate cost of crime and extending to consequences relating to health, education, employment, and overall quality of life. Additionally, the consequences of victimization are often intertwined. Victims rarely experience one adverse effect, like physical injury, without also developing issues in other areas, such as missed employment due to the injury or anxiety resulting from the experience. Details: Huntsville, TX: Sam Houston State University, Criminal Justice Center, Crime Victims Institute, 2012. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Legislative Brief: Accessed April 5, 2013 at: http://dev.cjcenter.org/_files/cvi/Burden%20of%20Vic.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://dev.cjcenter.org/_files/cvi/Burden%20of%20Vic.pdf Shelf Number: 128282 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeVictimization (Texas)Victims of Crime |
Author: Manning, Matthew Title: The Societal Costs of Alcohol Misuse in Australia Summary: | It is well documented that alcohol-related problems compromise individual and social health, and wellbeing. The individual harms are numerous, including premature death, loss of enjoyment and loss of social utility through fear of crime and victimisation. The misuse of alcohol, particularly among those most at risk in our community, presents a major challenge for all levels of government. In this paper, a study is presented that provides a better national-level estimate of the costs of alcohol-related problems in Australia. Despite taking a conservative estimate, the aggregate of a range of societal costs substantially outweighs the tax revenue for the Commonwealth generated from the sale of alcohol. Results of this study provide evidence to policymakers regarding costs to the criminal justice system, costs to the health system, costs resulting from lost productivity and costs related to alcohol-related road accidents. Such evidence will provide an understanding of the economic tradeoffs that are present when making decisions that affect all Australians. Proposals are provided in the conclusion for a greater investment in prevention, based on the sound evaluation of prevention and diversion strategies by comparison with treatment options, in order to ensure better investments for the nation. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, April 2013. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 454: Accessed April 6, 2013 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi454.html Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi454.html Shelf Number: 128300 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcoholism (Australia)Costs of Crime |
Author: Roman, Jonathan Kilbourn Title: What is the Price of Crime? New Estimates of the Cost of Criminal Victimization Summary: Robust estimates of the price of crime, measured as the costs of crime to victims, inform a wide range of policy analysis. The most commonly cited studies are constrained by limited data and rely on indirect methods to estimate prices. In these studies, health statistics are used to estimate direct losses from crime, jury award data are used to estimate indirect damages from crime, and self-reported crime data are used to weight injury prevalence within broad crime categories. While the relationship between injury and damages can be observed at the individual level in civil court records, individual level data have not previously been available that link crimes and injury. Since both individual and aggregate data are combined in these studies, prior research has not corrected sampling bias, and the estimates of victimization costs have been reported only as point estimates without confidence intervals. Estimates have been developed for only a few broad categories of crime and these estimates have not been robust to study design. This study analyzes individual-level data from two sources: jury award and injury data from the RAND Institute of Civil Justice and crime and injury data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Propensity score weights are developed to account for heterogeneity in jury awards. Data from the jury awards are interpolated onto the NIBRS data based on the combination of all attributes observable in both data sets. From the combined data, estimates are developed of the price of crime to victims for thirty-one crime categories. Until data become available linking information about criminal incidents to jury award data, the strategy used here is likely to yield the most robust estimates of the costs to crime victims that can be generated from the jury compensation method. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park, 2009. 206p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 15, 2013 at: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 128740 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeVictimization (U.S.)Victims of Crime |
Author: Texas. Legislative Budget Board Title: Criminal Justice Uniform Cost Report, Fiscal Years 2010 to 2012 Summary: This Legislative Budget Board (LBB) report, Criminal Justice Uniform Cost Report, Fiscal Years 2010 to 2012, provides cost per day information for various adult and juvenile correctional operations, facilities, and programs for use in funding determinations and to provide a basis of comparison for the Eighty-third Legislature, 2013. One responsibility of the Criminal Justice Data Analysis Team is to calculate cost per day information. This report summarizes uniform cost information for programs, services, and facilities operated or contracted by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), the former Texas Youth Commission (TYC), the former Texas Juvenile Probation Commission (TJPC), and the current Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD). The appendices detail the methodology used for data collection and cost per day calculations; provide an overview of each agency’s operations and programs; and provide comparisons to other cost per day figures nationally. Details: Austin: Texas Legislative Budget Board, 2013. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2013 at: http://www.lbb.state.tx.us/Public_Safety_Criminal_Justice/Uniform_Cost/Criminal%20Justice%20Uniform%20Cost%20Report%20Fiscal%20Years%202010%20to%202012.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.lbb.state.tx.us/Public_Safety_Criminal_Justice/Uniform_Cost/Criminal%20Justice%20Uniform%20Cost%20Report%20Fiscal%20Years%202010%20to%202012.pdf Shelf Number: 129215 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal Justice (Texas)Criminal Justice Expenditures |
Author: McInturff, Kate Title: The Gap in the Gender Gap: Violence Against Women in Canada Summary: This study finds that progress on ending violence against women in Canada is stalled by the absence of a coherent national policy and consistent information about the levels of that violence. The study estimates the combined cost of adult sexual assault and intimate partner violence in Canada, and also makes several recommendations on how to improve the situation. Details: Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2013. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2013 at: http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/gap-gender-gap Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/gap-gender-gap Shelf Number: 129459 Keywords: Costs of CrimeIntimate Partner ViolenceSexual ViolenceViolence Against Women (Canada) |
Author: Center for Strategic and International Studies Title: The Economic Impact of Cybercrime and Cyber Espionage Summary: Is cybercrime, cyber espionage, and other malicious cyber activities what some call “the greatest transfer of wealth in human history,” or is it what others say is a “rounding error in a fourteen trillion dollar economy?” The wide range of existing estimates of the annual loss—from a few billion dollars to hundreds of billions—reflects several difficulties. Companies conceal their losses and some are not aware of what has been taken. Intellectual property is hard to value. Some estimates relied on surveys, which provide very imprecise results unless carefully constructed. One common problem with cybersecurity surveys is that those who answer the questions “self-select,” introducing a possible source of distortion into the results. Given the data collection problems, loss estimates are based on assumptions about scale and effect— change the assumption and you get very different results. These problems leave many estimates open to question. In this initial report we start by asking what we should count in estimating losses from cybercrime and cyber espionage. We can break malicious cyber activity into six parts: • The loss of intellectual property and business confidential information • Cybercrime, which costs the world hundreds of millions of dollars every year • The loss of sensitive business information, including possible stock market manipulation • Opportunity costs, including service and employment disruptions, and reduced trust for online activities • The additional cost of securing networks, insurance, and recovery from cyber attacks • Reputational damage to the hacked company Put these together and the cost of cybercrime and cyber espionage to the global economy is probably measured in the hundreds of billions of dollars. To put this in perspective, the World Bank says that global GDP was about $70 trillion in 2011. A $400 billion loss—the high end of the range of probable costs—would be a fraction of a percent of global income. But this begs several important questions about the full benefit to the acquirers and the damage to the victims from the cumulative effect of cybercrime and cyber espionage. Details: Santa Clara, CA: McAfee, 2013. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2013 at: http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime.pdf Shelf Number: 129556 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCybercrimeCybersecurityEspionageInternet Crime |
Author: Utah Criminal Justice Center Title: Utah Cost of Crime. Treatment for Adult Sex Offenders: Technical Report Summary: In the United States (U.S.), more than 30,000 sex offenders participate in court mandated treatment programs annually (McGrath, Cumming, Burchard, Zeoli, & Ellerby, 2009). Offenders are required to participant in treatment for a range of offenses, including lewdness, exhibitionism, sexual assault, sexual abuse of a child, sodomy, and rape. Treatment is provided in both secure and community-based settings and falls, broadly, into the following categories: psychological interventions; drug therapies, either for the purposes of castration or psychological treatment; surgical castration; and educational programming. The majority of sex offender treatment programs rely on group-based, cognitive behavioral approaches grounded in social learning theories (Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM), 2006). The most common treatment targets are victim empathy (87% secure, 93% community), denial (91% secure, 92% community), and intimacy/relationship skills (84% secure, 91% community) (McGrath et al., 2009). More recently, interventions are structured according to the principles of effective correctional services, which matches offenders to treatment based on their risk-level, criminogenic needs, and learning styles (Andrews & Bonta, 2006; Andrews et al., 2001; Bonta, 2001). In the U.S., interventions provided in secure settings range from five months to four years while community-based programs using treatment approaches last anywhere from eight months to the duration of the offender’s life (Daly, 2008). The majority of states that employ community-based approaches use strategies that build upon prison-based programming. Details: Salt Lake City: Utah Criminal Justice Center, 2012. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/SO-Adult-Technical-Report_v03192013.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/SO-Adult-Technical-Report_v03192013.pdf Shelf Number: 129641 Keywords: Costs of CrimeSex Offenders, Treatment (Utah, U.S.)Treatment Programs |
Author: Oregon. Audits Division Title: Department of Corrections: Treatment of the Highest-risk Offenders Can Avoid Costs Summary: The effects of substance abuse on Oregon’s economy and communities are substantial. According to a report by the consulting firm ECONorthwest, the direct economic costs from substance abuse in Oregon totaled approximately $5.9 billion in 2006. Alcohol and drug enforcement costs alone were about $656 million. As of December 2012, 70% of incarcerated offenders had some level of substance abuse problem. Research indicates that addressing the treatment needs of offenders is critical to reducing overall crime and other societal issues related to substance abuse. Studies also show the importance of treating those offenders with the highest-risk of committing new crimes. Previous evaluations have determined that Department of Corrections (DOC) and county community corrections agencies’ practices are effective and align with best practices. Offenders are systematically assessed for factors known to influence future criminal behavior and these assessments are used in determining offender programming and treatment. Our analysis of offenders released during 2008-2011, found that most were assessed in the community and in prison, and most treatment resources were directed at the highest risk offenders. However, about half of all the highest-risk offenders did not receive treatment. Highest-risk offenders are those who have been assessed by DOC and community corrections agencies as having a medium-to-high risk to reoffend and a moderate-to-high substance abuse challenge. While these offenders are costly to supervise and treat in the community, about $16 a day, the cost is substantially less than the approximate $84 a day cost in prison. We found 4,525 of the offenders assessed as highest-risk who were released from 2008-2011 did not receive treatment. We estimate Oregon taxpayers and victims could have avoided about $21.6 million in costs if substance abuse treatment had been provided to all of the highest-risk offenders. We found variations in funding and treatment efforts among counties. These variations are often due to funding shortfalls and differences in available community corrections services. The expansion of Medicaid eligibility under the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which becomes effective in January 2014, offers an opportunity for the State and local community corrections agencies to provide substance abuse treatment to untreated highest-risk offenders, despite current funding limitations. Once the expansion becomes effective, additional released offenders may qualify for coverage. Under the ACA, the federal government will cover almost the entire cost of the expansion population, starting at 100 % funding from 2014-2016 and gradually decreasing to a minimum of 90 % in 2020. This expansion of health care coverage has the potential to relieve financially-stressed counties of nearly all costs of providing substance abuse treatment to offenders in the community and to make treatment seamless following their release. We recommend that DOC management work with county community corrections agencies and the Legislature to coordinate funding and track resources to provide substance abuse treatment for the highest-risk offenders wherever possible. We also recommend that DOC management explore utilizing expanded Medicaid funding for substance abuse treatment for released offenders and consider integrating Medicaid eligibility review into release planning. Details: Salem, OR: Audits Division, 2013. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Report Number 2013-20: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://www.sos.state.or.us/audits/pages/state_audits/full/2013/2013-20.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.sos.state.or.us/audits/pages/state_audits/full/2013/2013-20.pdf Shelf Number: 129644 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentRisk AssessmentSubstance Abuse (Oregon, U.S.) |
Author: New South Wales. Audit Office Title: Cost of Alcohol Abuse to the NSW Government: Performance Audit Summary: While most people consume alcohol responsibly, there is a large group that consumes it at levels that present a risk of harm. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause physical, emotional and social problems. These include violence, liver disease, brain injury, and family and relationship problems. Government agencies devote much time and effort to reduce the harm caused by alcohol abuse. This ranges from proactive policing of alcohol hotspots to alcohol treatment services. The government has recently introduced specific initiatives to reduce the impact of alcohol abuse on the community. These include: - a new intoxicated and disorderly offence - 'three-strikes' laws for licensees or managers of licensed premises convicted of serious offences under the Liquor Act 2007 - management plans for problem areas like Kings Cross - a trial of sobering up centres. These activities and initiatives come at a considerable cost to the State. This audit assessed whether the NSW Government knows the costs incurred by State agencies as a result of alcohol abuse. We asked whether: - the NSW Government effectively monitors the cost of alcohol abuse so it can resource public services to address it - the NSW Government publicly reports the cost of alcohol abuse to inform the community of its impact on public services. For the purposes of this audit, 'alcohol abuse' means: - drinking at levels that are likely to cause significant injury or ill health, and - where drinking has led to a government intervention or response. A range of key performance indicators show that, in general, alcohol-related incidents are declining. For example, alcohol-related assaults have decreased 23 per cent since 2008. This is a good result which may be due to proactive policing, changes to licensing laws, public education campaigns, and a range of other government initiatives. Nevertheless, alcohol abuse remains a significant burden to both society and government. To design an effective response the government must know the extent of the problem and what it is costing to limit its harm. Therefore it is important for government to have good data on alcohol abuse including the cost to its services and to society. The community also has a right to know this information so it can inform public debate on drunkenness and the best ways to combat it. Details: Sydney: Audit Office of New South Wales, 2013. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2013 at: https://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/281/01_Cost_of_alcohol_abuse_NSW_Government_Full_Report.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: https://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/281/01_Cost_of_alcohol_abuse_NSW_Government_Full_Report.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Shelf Number: 131630 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcohol Treatment ProgramsCosts of CrimeDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: National Insurance Crime Bureau Title: 2012 Equipment Theft Report Summary: his report, co-produced with the National Equipment Register (NER), examines heavy equipment theft data submitted by law enforcement to the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and profiles that data according to theft state, theft city, theft month, equipment manufacturer, equipment style (type) and year of manufacture. The report also examines heavy equipment recoveries in 2012 based on those same criteria. NER is a division of Verisk Crime Analytics, a Verisk Analytics (Nasdaq:VRSK) company. In 2012, a total of 10,925 heavy equipment thefts were reported to law enforcement-a decrease of 7 percent from the 11,705 reported in 2011. When compared with the 13,511 reported thefts in 2008, there has been an overall 19 percent reduction in heavy equipment thefts. Texas ranked number one in 2012 with 1,401 reported thefts. In second place was North Carolina with 1,037 thefts followed by Florida in third with 890 thefts. In fourth place was California with 686 thefts, and tied for fifth-Georgia and South Carolina with 595 each. The top five cities with the most thefts were Houston (163); Miami (107); Conroe, Texas (83); Oklahoma City, Okla. (79) and Fresno, Calif. (64). The three most stolen heavy equipment items in 2012 were: Mowers (riding or garden tractor: 5,363); Loaders (skid steer, wheeled: 1,943); and, Tractors (wheeled or tracked: 1,459). Heavy equipment manufactured by John Deere was the number one theft target in 2012 followed in order by Kubota Tractor Corp., Bobcat, Caterpillar and Toro. As for recoveries, only 20 percent of heavy equipment stolen in 2012 was found, making it a costly crime for insurance companies, equipment owners and rental agencies. NICB urges equipment owners to incorporate theft prevention strategies into their business practices and recommends the following theft prevention tips:Install hidden fuel shut-off systems; Remove fuses and circuit breakers when equipment is unattended; Render equipment immobile or difficult to move after hours or on weekends by clustering it in a "wagon circle," Place more easily transported items, such as generators and compressors, in the middle of the circle surrounded by larger pieces of equipment; Maintain a photo archive and a specific list of the PIN and component part serial numbers of each piece of heavy equipment in a central location. Stamp or engrave equipment parts with identifying marks, numbers or corporate logos; Use hydro locks to fix articulated equipment in a curved position, preventing it from traveling in a straight line; Use sleeve locks to fix backhoe pads in an extended position, keeping wheels off the ground. Details: Des Plaines, IL: National Insurance Crime Bureau, 2012. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2013 at Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://www.nicb.org/File%20Library/Public%20Affairs/2012-NICB-HEreport.pdf Shelf Number: 131784 Keywords: BurglaryConstruction Equipment TheftCosts of CrimeEquipment TheftProperty CrimesTheft Offenses |
Author: Goldberg, Michael Title: How Firms Cope with Crime and Violence: Experiences from around the World Summary: Crime and violence inflict high costs on the private sector-costs that are rising globally, according to the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, discussions with chambers and associations, and the Bank's Country Partnership Strategies, which reference the losses in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). In Latin America and the Caribbean, for example, losses due to crime and violence have been estimated at 9 percent of GDP in Honduras, 7.7 percent in El Salvador, and 3.6 percent in Costa Rica. In sectors such as clothing assembly, international purchasers can shift know-how and capital quickly to less violent destinations, while other sectors such as extractive industries are more likely to stay despite rising violence. Behind the statistics are human costs: lost jobs; shifting of businesses' working capital from productive uses to security firms; and an increase in contraband, fraud and corruption, and "rule of law" issues. In this book, original case studies from Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, Nepal, and Rwanda illustrate the specific challenges to businesses and the coping mechanisms that firms and groups of firms have used successfully against crime and violence. The book's findings have implications for the private sector, governments, and the World Bank's efforts to support both under difficult circumstances. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2014. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16539 Year: 2014 Country: International URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16539 Shelf Number: 131854 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime Against BusinessesViolent Crime |
Author: Ponemon Institute Title: 2012 Cost of Cyber Crime Study: United States Summary: This year's study is based on a representative sample of 56 organizations in various industry sectors. While our research focused on organizations located in the United States, many are multinational corporations. Cyber attacks generally refer to criminal activity conducted via the Internet. These attacks can include stealing an organization's intellectual property, confiscating online bank accounts, creating and distributing viruses on other computers, posting confidential business information on the Internet and disrupting a country's critical national infrastructure. Consistent with the previous two studies, the loss or misuse of information is the most significant consequence of a cyber attack. Based on these findings, organizations need to be more vigilant in protecting their most sensitive and confidential information. Key takeaways from this research include: - Cyber crimes continue to be costly. We found that the average annualized cost of cyber crime for 56 organizations in our study is $8.9 million per year, with a range of $1.4 million to $46 million. In 2011, the average annualized cost was $8.4 million. This represents an increase in cost of 6 percent or $500,000 from the results of our cyber cost study published last year. - Cyber attacks have become common occurrences. The companies in our study experienced 102 successful attacks per week and 1.8 successful attacks per company per week. This represents an increase of 42 percent from last year's successful attack experience. Last year's study reported 72 successful attacks on average per week. - The most costly cyber crimes are those caused by denial of service, malicious insiders and web-based attacks. Mitigation of such attacks requires enabling technologies such as SIEM, intrusion prevention systems, application security testing and enterprise governance, risk management and compliance (GRC) solutions. The purpose of this benchmark research is to quantify the economic impact of cyber attacks and observe cost trends over time. We believe a better understanding of the cost of cyber crime will assist organizations in determining the appropriate amount of investment and resources needed to prevent or mitigate the devastating consequences of an attack. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 15, 2014 at: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/file/2012_US_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_FINAL6%20.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/file/2012_US_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_FINAL6%20.pdf Shelf Number: 131925 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime StatisticsCybercrimeInternet Crime |
Author: Belfield, Clive R. Title: The Economic Burden of Crime and Substance Abuse for Massachusetts and the City of Boston Summary: The negative social and economic burden from youth violence, adult crime, and substance addiction is substantial. Juvenile crime is a large proportion of total crime. Juveniles are arrested for one-in-six violent crimes and over one-quarter of all property crimes (NCJJ [2008]). They also commit crimes in school: 25% of students and 8% of teachers report some form of victimization over a school year (Dinkes et al. [2007]). Also, juvenile offenses are often the precursor to more frequent adult criminal activity: the peak offending ages are 18-22, with many criminals' first offenses during their teenage years. Such crime and violence imposes heavy burdens on victims, as well as on citizens who pay for government prevention programs and the criminal justice system. In similar fashion, substance abuse and addiction is highly prevalent, imposing significant costs on both the health care system and the justice system, as well as adversely affecting families (ONDCP [2004]). The chronic nature of substance abuse and addiction magnifies these burdens as well (Califano [2009]. In this paper we calculate the economic burden of juvenile and adult crime and substance abuse and addiction in Boston, Massachusetts. Placing economic values on these activities is the first step in assessing what public policies are appropriate and what amounts might be justifiably spent on prevention. We begin by describing the extent of juvenile and adult crime and substance abuse. No single statistic fully captures the scale of deviant behavior because it takes many inter-related forms: substance abuse often leads to crime and vice versa (NCASA [2004]). However, we emphasize deviant behavior by youth because of the strong association between youth and adult behaviors. Next, we calculate the total fiscal burden imposed on taxpayers as an annual amount. We also document the economic burden imposed on society (victims). Finally, we calculate the per youth fiscal burden. Estimates are reported as annual figures and as present values over the lifetime for youth with varying characteristics. These present value figures may be interpreted as the expected burden that a deviant youth would impose over their lifetime and so the amount that would be saved should that behavior be prevented. In conclusion, we place these calculations in the context of current public investments. Details: Unpublished paper, 2010. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2014 at: http://www.sel4mass.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Economist-Belfieds-Economic-Burden-Report-March-2010.doc.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.sel4mass.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Economist-Belfieds-Economic-Burden-Report-March-2010.doc.pdf Shelf Number: 131944 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDelinquency PreventionDrug Abuse and CrimeEconomics of CrimeJuvenile OffendersSocioeconomic Status and Crime |
Author: Kearney, Melissa S. Title: Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the United States Summary: Crime and high rates of incarceration impose tremendous costs on society, with lasting negative effects on individuals, families, and communities. Rates of crime in the United States have been falling steadily, but still constitute a serious economic and social challenge. At the same time, the incarceration rate in the United States is so high-more than 700 out of every 100,000 people are incarcerated-that both crime scholars and policymakers alike question whether, for nonviolent criminals in particular, the social costs of incarceration exceed the social benefits. While there is significant focus on America's incarceration policies, it is important to consider that crime continues to be a concern for policymakers, particularly at the state and local levels. Public spending on fighting crime-including the costs of incarceration, policing, and judicial and legal services-as well as private spending by households and businesses is substantial. There are also tremendous costs to the victims of crime, such as medical costs, lost earnings, and an overall loss in quality of life. Crime also stymies economic growth. For example, exposure to violence can inhibit effective schooling and other developmental outcomes (Burdick-Will 2013; Sharkey et al. 2012). Crime can induce citizens to migrate; economists estimate that each nonfatal violent crime reduces a city's population by approximately one person, and each homicide reduces a city's population by seventy persons (Cullen and Levitt 1999; Ludwig and Cook 2000). To the extent that migration diminishes a locality's tax and consumer base, departures threaten a city's ability to effectively educate children, provide social services, and maintain a vibrant economy. The good news is that crime rates in the United States have been falling steadily since the 1990s, reversing an upward trend from the 1960s through the 1980s. There does not appear to be a consensus among scholars about how to account for the overall sharp decline, but contributing factors may include increased policing, rising incarceration rates, and the waning of the crack epidemic that was prevalent in the 1980s and early 1990s. Despite the ongoing decline in crime, the incarceration rate in the United States remains at a historically unprecedented level. This high incarceration rate can have profound effects on society; research has shown that incarceration may impede employment and marriage prospects among former inmates, increase poverty depth and behavioral problems among their children, and amplify the spread of communicable diseases among disproportionately impacted communities (Raphael 2007). These effects are especially prevalent within disadvantaged communities and among those demographic groups that are more likely to face incarceration, namely young minority males. In addition, this high rate of incarceration is expensive for both federal and state governments. On average, in 2012, it cost more than $29,000 to house an inmate in federal prison (Congressional Research Service 2013). In total, the United States spent over $80 billion on corrections expenditures in 2010, with more than 90 percent of these expenditures occurring at the state and local levels (Kyckelhahn and Martin 2013). A founding principle of The Hamilton Project's economic strategy is that long-term prosperity is best achieved by fostering economic growth and broad participation in that growth. Elevated rates of crime and incarceration directly work against these principles, marginalizing individuals, devastating affected communities, and perpetuating inequality. In this spirit, we offer "Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the United States" to bring attention to recent trends in crime and incarceration, the characteristics of those who commit crimes and those who are incarcerated, and the social and economic costs of current policy. Chapter 1 describes recent crime trends in the United States and the characteristics of criminal offenders and victims. Chapter 2 focuses on the growth of mass incarceration in America. Chapter 3 presents evidence on the economic and social costs of current crime and incarceration policy. Details: Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project, Brookings, Institute, 2014. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Memo: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/05/01%20crime%20facts/v8_thp_10crimefacts.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/05/01%20crime%20facts/v8_thp_10crimefacts.pdf Shelf Number: 132316 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCrime RatesCriminal Justice ExpendituresEconomics of CrimeIncarcerationPrisoners |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: The Illicit Trafficking of Counterfeit Goods and Transnational Organized Crime Summary: As a global, multibillion dollar crime, organized criminal groups have not hesitated to cash in on the trade in counterfeit goods. In many parts of the world, international, regional and national law enforcement authorities have uncovered intricate links between this crime and other serious offences including illicit drugs, money laundering and corruption. Some estimates put the counterfeit business at well in excess of $250 billion a year and hundreds of billions more, if pirated digital products and domestic counterfeit sales are included. The involvement of organized criminal groups in the production and distribution of counterfeit goods has been documented by both national and international authorities. Groups such as the Mafia and Camorra in Europe and the Americas, and the Triads and Yakuza in Asia have diversified into the illicit trafficking of counterfeit goods, while at the same time being involved in crimes varying from drug and human trafficking, to extortion and money laundering. UNODC's own research reports have recognized the strategic and operational criminal link between counterfeiting and activities such as drug trafficking. There is an additional societal impact caused by counterfeiting. The trade in counterfeit products can result in increased corruption and law enforcement costs, have a serious impact on public health and safety, lead to social and environmental concerns, and result in the infringement of other criminal and administrative laws such as tax and customs evasion as well as fraud. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2014. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2014 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/counterfeit/FocusSheet/Counterfeit_focussheet_EN_HIRES.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/counterfeit/FocusSheet/Counterfeit_focussheet_EN_HIRES.pdf Shelf Number: 132414 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCounterfeit GoodsTrafficking in Goods |
Author: Center for Strategic and International Studies Title: Net Losses: Estimating the Global Cost of Cybercrime. Economic Impact of Cybercrime II Summary: Putting a number on the cost of cybercrime and cyber-espionage is the headline, but the dollar figure begs important questions about the damage to the victims from the cumulative effect of losses in cyberspace. The cost of cybercrime includes the effect of hundreds of millions of people having their personal information stolen-incidents in the last year include more than 40 million people in the US, 54 million in Turkey, 20 million in Korea, 16 million in Germany, and more than 20 million in China. One estimate puts the total at more than 800 million individual records in 2013. This alone could cost as much as $160 billion per year. Criminals still have difficulty turning stolen data into financial gain, but the constant stream of news contributes to a growing sense that cybercrime is out of control. For developed countries, cybercrime has serious implications for employment. The effect of cybercrime is to shift employment away from jobs that create the most value. Even small changes in GDP can affect employment. In the United States alone, studies of how employment varies with export growth suggest that the losses from cybercrime could cost as many as 200,000 American jobs, roughly a third of 1% decrease in employment for the US. Using European Union data, which found that 16.7 workers were employed per million Euros in exports to the rest of the world,6 Europe could lose as many as 150,000 jobs due to cybercrime (adjusting for national differences in IP-intensive jobs), or about 0.6% of the total unemployed. These are not always a "net" loss if workers displaced by cyberespionage find other jobs, but if these jobs do not pay as well or better. If lost jobs are in manufacturing (and "the main engine for job creation") or other high-paying sectors, the effect of cybercrime is to shift workers from high-paying to low-paying jobs or unemployment. While translating cybercrime losses directly into job losses is not easy, the employment effect cannot be ignored. The most important cost of cybercrime, however, comes from its damage to company performance and to national economies. Cybercrime damages trade, competitiveness, innovation, and global economic growth. What cybercrime means for the world is: - The cost of cybercrime will continue to increase as more business functions move online and as more companies and consumers around the world connect to the Internet. - Losses from the theft of intellectual property will also increase as acquiring countries improve their ability to make use of it to manufacture competing goods. - Cybercrime is a tax on innovation and slows the pace of global innovation by reducing the rate of return to innovators and investors. - Governments need to begin serious, systematic effort to collect and publish data on cybercrime to help countries and companies make better choices about risk and policy. Details: Santa Clara, CA: Intel Security, McAffee, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 18, 2014 at: http://www.mcafee.com/hk/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.mcafee.com/hk/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime2.pdf Shelf Number: 132501 Keywords: Computer CrimeCosts of CrimeCrimes Against BusinessesCybercrimeEconomics of CrimeEmploymentEspionageJobs |
Author: Tamarkin, Eric Title: Cybercrime: A complex problem requiring a multi-faceted response Summary: The Internet has revolutionised the way in which businesses, government and the public interact. However, criminal actors have used this to their advantage. Given reports that Africa is becoming a cybercrime safe harbour, this problem could hamper economic growth, foreign investment and security. African policymakers need a cogent response to cybercrime, which is informed by a clear understanding of emerging threats and how other countries have formed strategies in response. In the absence of a universal definition of cybercrime, the term is often confused with other types of malevolent cyber activity and it is difficult to quantify its financial impact worldwide. A recent study estimated the cost of malicious cyber activity to the global economy to be as high as US$1 trillion. Recent high-profile cyber attacks and emerging threats such as attacks on mobile technologies demonstrate that cybercrime is an urgent issue for policymakers. In devising a strategy to combat cybercrime, countries on the continent should adopt a multi-layered approach. Details: Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2014. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Brief 51: Accessed August 14, 2014 at: http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/PolBrief51Feb14.pdf Year: 2014 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/PolBrief51Feb14.pdf Shelf Number: 133048 Keywords: Computer Crimes Costs of CrimeCybercrime (South Africa) Internet Crimes |
Author: Grant Thornton Title: Illicit Trade in Ireland: Uncovering the cost to the Irish economy Summary: Although frequently thought of as a victimless crime, illicit trade has a significant impact on the Irish economy. The objective of this report is to provide a detailed assessment of illicit trade in Ireland across a select number of sectors, namely fuel, tobacco, digital media and pharmaceuticals. With regard to each of these sectors, the report seeks to understand the impacts, identify key drivers behind these illicit trades, and where possible, quantifies the losses to the economy. Ultimately this report proposes an integrated approach to tackling the problem of illicit trade in Ireland. What is illicit trade? The most common definition of illicit trade is that used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) which covers many different areas that go beyond the scope of this report. These include money laundering, cash transaction, human trafficking and the trade in illegal drugs. Within the context of this report, the term "illicit trade" is more narrowly defined as: - Intellectual Property Crime (IPC); - Contraband; and - Illegal manufacturing. Importance of intellectual property It is widely accepted that the recognition of Intellectual Property ("IP") plays a vital role in promoting innovation and stimulating the economy in order to foster growth. Therefore, it is vital that appropriate legal recognition, public policies and enforcement is in place to ensure that IP and brands are protected. Illicit Trade in Ireland Despite the importance of IP rights and an increased emphasis on IP protection, significant levels of illicit trade remain in operation throughout the Irish economy. Illicit Trade in Ireland is not confined to a single industry but is present in a broad spectrum of activity across the Irish economy. The scale and scope of illicit trade in Ireland has resulted in significant losses to the Irish economy. The losses suffered include a number of important stakeholders such as right holders, retailers, consumers, the Government and the wider economy. Whilst almost every area of the general economy is subject to losses as a result of illicit trade, this report has narrowed its focus to a number of core areas which are having the most detrimental effect on the Irish economy. To address any problem, the first step should be to understand the problem and in this report we have attempted to do just this. The estimates that we have provided in this report show that illicit trade could be costing right holders as much as L547m per annum and the Irish Exchequer as much as L937m per annum. Details: Dublin: Retail Ireland, 2013. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2014 at: http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/jobsenterpriseandinnovation/Illicit-Trade-in-Ireland-report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/jobsenterpriseandinnovation/Illicit-Trade-in-Ireland-report.pdf Shelf Number: 133069 Keywords: ContrabandCosts of CrimeCrime Against BusinessesFinancial CrimesIllegal ManufacturingIllicit TradeIntellectual Property TheftMoney LaunderingOrganized Crime (Ireland)Retail Crime |
Author: Caulkins, Jonathan P. Title: How Much Crime Is Drug-Related? History, Limitations, and Potential Improvements of Estimation Methods Summary: Drug-related crime imposes an enormous burden on society, but how big is enormous? And how do "we" as citizens, policy analysts, and policy makers develop sound intuitions for the scale of something that directly or indirectly affects hundreds of millions of people? This is the first in a series of articles (see "The Cost of Crime" by Caulkins and Kleiman, 2013, and "Drug Control and Reductions in Drug-Attributable Crime" by Caulkins, 2013) that attempt not so much to answer those questions in the sense of computing specific numerical estimates, but rather to provide guidance on how one should understand and interpret such estimates. After all, we do not lack for estimates of the annual costs of illicit drug use. The 2011 National Drug Intelligence Center report says the answer is $193 billion just for 2007 (NDIC, 2011); Henrick Harwood and his coauthors said that it was $97.7 billion just for 1992 (Harwood et al., 1998) - which would have been $135.5 billion in 2007 dollars. What is lacking is understanding of what such figures mean. Is one right, and the other wrong? Are either right? Is it possible to provide a single "right" number and, even if so, what response would the number imply, in terms of changing public policies? These figures dwarf everyday experience just as surely as do other "facts" that swirl around us. We measure computer memory in Gigabytes, where one Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. No one can count that high. If we counted one number per second every second of every day without pausing to sleep, eat, or go to the bathroom it would take 34 years to count to Giga. And Giga is by no means the largest scale that informed citizens need to comprehend. After all, it is "only" a billion. Although Senator Everett Dirksen probably never said it takes several billions before one is even talking real money, it is true that the cost of drug-related crime is so enormous that no one can even hope to estimate it to the nearest billion. "A billion here, a billion there" really is just round off error when trying to grapple with the enormity of the costs of drug-related crime. Great mischief blossoms when common sense retreats in awe of such quantities. Buried behind the estimates of the National Drug Intelligence Center and Harwood and his coauthors and others like them are value judgments and crude approximations and tacit assumptions that need to be surfaced. That a calculation produces a big number, and takes two hundred pages to explain, does not imply that the resulting number is accurate. Indeed, depending on a variety of factors, the opposite may be true. To be clear, we mean no disrespect toward the authors of these enormous estimates. The analysis is daunting, having some estimates is clearly better than pure ignorance, and we could do no better. Rather, the goal in these articles is to make consumers of these figures better able to appreciate and use them effectively. Details: Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University; Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/246404.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/246404.pdf Shelf Number: 133090 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse and Crime (U.S.)Drug EnforcementDrug Offenders |
Author: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Title: Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse: 2014 Global Fraud Study Summary: Summary of Findings -Survey participants estimated that the typical organization loses 5% of revenues each year to fraud. If applied to the 2013 estimated Gross World Product, this translates to a potential projected global fraud loss of nearly $3.7 trillion. -The median loss caused by the frauds in our study was $145,000. Additionally, 22% of the cases involved losses of at least $1 million. -The median duration - the amount of time from when the fraud commenced until it was detected - for the fraud cases reported to us was 18 months. -Occupational frauds can be classified into three primary categories: asset misappropriations, corruption and financial statement fraud. Of these, asset misappropriations are the most common, occurring in 85% of the cases in our study, as well as the least costly, causing a median loss of $130,000. In contrast, only 9% of cases involved financial statement fraud, but those cases had the greatest financial impact, with a median loss of $1 million. Corruption schemes fell in the middle in terms of both frequency (37% of cases) and median loss ($200,000). -Many cases involve more than one category of occupational fraud. Approximately 30% of the schemes in our study included two or more of the three primary forms of occupational fraud. -Tips are consistently and by far the most common detection method. Over 40% of all cases were detected by a tip - more than twice the rate of any other detection method. Employees accounted for nearly half of all tips that led to the discovery of fraud. -Organizations with hotlines were much more likely to catch fraud by a tip, which our data shows is the most effective way to detect fraud. These organizations also experienced frauds that were 41% less costly, and they detected frauds 50% more quickly. -The smallest organizations tend to suffer disproportionately large losses due to occupational fraud. Additionally, the specific fraud risks faced by small businesses differ from those faced by larger organizations, with certain categories of fraud being much more prominent at small entities than at their larger counterparts. -The banking and financial services, government and public administration, and manufacturing industries continue to have the greatest number of cases reported in our research, while the mining, real estate, and oil and gas industries had the largest reported median losses. -The presence of anti-fraud controls is associated with reduced fraud losses and shorter fraud duration. Fraud schemes that occurred at victim organizations that had implemented any of several common anti-fraud controls were significantly less costly and were detected much more quickly than frauds at organizations lacking these controls. -The higher the perpetrator's level of authority, the greater fraud losses tend to be. Owners/executives only accounted for 19% of all cases, but they caused a median loss of $500,000. Employees, conversely, committed 42% of occupational frauds but only caused a median loss of $75,000. Managers ranked in the middle, committing 36% of frauds with a median loss of $130,000. -Collusion helps employees evade independent checks and other anti-fraud controls, enabling them to steal larger amounts. The median loss in a fraud committed by a single person was $80,000, but as the number of perpetrators increased, losses rose dramatically. In cases with two perpetrators the median loss was $200,000, for three perpetrators it was $355,000 and when four or more perpetrators were involved the median loss exceeded $500,000. -Approximately 77% of the frauds in our study were committed by individuals working in one of seven departments: accounting, operations, sales, executive/upper management, customer service, purchasing and finance. -It takes time and effort to recover the money stolen by perpetrators, and many organizations are never able to fully do so. At the time of our survey, 58% of the victim organizations had not recovered any of their losses due to fraud, and only 14% had made a full recovery. Details: Austin, TX: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 2014. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2014 at: http://www.acfe.com/rttn/docs/2014-report-to-nations.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.acfe.com/rttn/docs/2014-report-to-nations.pdf Shelf Number: 133182 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrimes Against Businesses Financial CrimesOccupational FraudWhite Collar Crimes |
Author: Howell, Embry Title: State Variation in Hospital Use and Cost of Firearm Assault Injury, 2010 Summary: The consequences of gun violence differ significantly by location and social circumstances. Understanding these social and geographic variations is important in helping policymakers understand the scope of gun violence and identify sound policy solutions. This brief looks at who visits the hospital for firearm-assault injuries and what percentage of that hospital cost is borne by the public in six different states: Arizona, California, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. Findings build on national estimates of firearm-assault injury prevalence and hospital cost developed by Howell and Abraham (2013). In 2010, the total cost, including societal cost, of firearm violence was estimated at $174 billion (Miller 2012). Though the monetary costs imposed by gun violence are large, the physical injuries are not distributed evenly: gun violence is often concentrated in a small number of places and within a small set of communities. In Boston, for example, more than half of gun violence is clustered around less than 3 percent of streets and intersections (Braga, Papachristos, and Hureau 2010), and in a Chicago community, 41 percent of gun homicides occurred in social networks containing just 4 percent of the population (Papachristos and Wildeman 2014). Youth are also disproportionately affected by gun violence. In 2010, homicide was the third-leading cause of death for youth ages 10 to 24, greater than the next seven leading causes of death combined (David-Ferdon and Simon 2014). Given these variations, documenting the distribution and hospital costs of firearm-assault injury at the state level is important for understanding the varied effects of gun violence and the costs the public pays because of it. Highlights - Among the six states studied, there are substantial differences in firearm-assault injury hospital use, hospital mortality, and the percentage of firearm-assault injury hospital costs borne by the public. - Hospital use for firearm-assault injury is disproportionately concentrated among young males, particularly young black males, in all six study states. - Uninsured victims have higher hospital mortality rates for firearm-assault injury in five of six study states. - The public pays a substantial portion of the hospital cost for injuries caused by firearm assault. Public health insurance paid 52 percent of the cost nationally in 2010 (19 to 64 percent across the six study states). The uninsured, whose care is often paid by the public, represented 17 to 59 percent of costs. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2014. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2014 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413210-State-Variation-in-Hospital-Use-and-Cost-of-Firearm-Assault-Injury-2010.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413210-State-Variation-in-Hospital-Use-and-Cost-of-Firearm-Assault-Injury-2010.pdf Shelf Number: 133367 Keywords: Costs of CrimeGun-Related Violence (U.S.)HomicidesHospitals |
Author: Oxford Economics Title: Cyber-attacks: Effects on UK Companies Summary: Gary Becker's seminal 1968 paper on the economics of crime shaped the way economists think about crime policy and is still applied in many contexts today. Becker explored the decision making function of rational criminal actors, suggesting that criminals choose to engage in illicit activity based on their own assessment of the costs and benefits. Rational criminal actors weigh up the potential yield from a criminal act, the risk of being caught and the severity of the punishment. The decision making process of state-sponsored cyber-attacks differs from that of ordinary criminals in important ways, which may potentially limit the direct applicability of the traditional economic models of crime such as Becker's. State-sponsored attackers are characterised by the very fact that a "non-profit" state entity is involved (as opposed to Becker's individual "for profit" criminals), potential information asymmetry, a perception of immunity from prosecution and the intangible value attributed to acts of patriotism (which does not figure in traditional economic approaches to crime, such as Becker's). At the same time, there is value in understanding the economic theory of crime, as advanced by Becker. States are unlikely to change their activities in the short term, particularly because of non-pecuniary/distorted concepts of returns. However they may do so in the long term, especially if deterred by adequate security measures and changes in operational procedures, (i.e. if the costs of cyber-attacks rise) and as they realise that the returns to cyber-attacks may be mixed at best . This again points to a need for firms to understand the nature of - and threat posed by - current attacks, so as to raise the costs of cyber-attacks for nation-state perpetrators in order to help deter future attacks. Apart from the implications for individual firms, cyber-attacks impact on the UK economy as a whole in two major ways: - Increasing the cost of doing business - Distorting the pattern of long run investment ("dynamic effects") Survey work on the nature of cyber-attacks in the UK undertaken by Oxford Economics and the Ponemon Institute found the following: - Cyber-attacks are a common problem. 60% of respondents had experienced a cyber-attack within the last 12 months. - Loss estimates were highest for damage to reputation/branding. All other costs were reported with raw averages around the $2 million mark, with adjusted means slightly under half that and medians of $175,000. However, the raw average reputation/branding loss estimate was $2.9 million. - Intellectual property and commercially sensitive data is stolen in all sectors, but by no means happens to everyone. With this in mind it is interesting to note that 80% of respondents reported that they had not experienced any IP or commercially sensitive information loss in the last 24 months. - The majority of firms who did suffer a loss of IP or commercially sensitive information felt they were damaged by it. 61% said that they had experienced a loss of competitive advantage due to the loss of IP. 59% said that they had experienced a loss of competitive advantage due to the loss of commercially sensitive information. - The most common loss of competitive advantage came in the shape of "compromised negotiations or business ventures" (31%), followed by the "appearance of copied products or practise" (20%) and the "emergence of new competition" (19%). - While only a minority of companies suffer IP/commercially sensitive information losses, the cost of such losses is considerably higher than is the case for "day to day" losses. The adjusted mean loss of IP was valued at $13.2 million and the adjusted mean loss of commercially sensitive business information was valued at $12.8 million. In addition to the survey of UK firms, which identifies the direct costs incurred as a result of cyber-attacks, Oxford Economics has undertaken an event study to analyse the potential reputational loss firms may suffer. As a proxy for reputational damage we use negative stock market returns that may be experienced immediately around the public disclosure of a cyber-attack. Although further confirmatory analysis would be useful, our results suggest that publicised cyber-attacks do generally have impacts on stock market valuations and, by extension, upon corporate reputations. If this is the case, it means that the investment companies make in IT security to prevent these attacks may maintain shareholder value for these companies. Details: Oxford, UK: Oxford Economics, 2014. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2014 at: http://www.cpni.gov.uk/documents/publications/2014/oxford-economics-cyber-effects-uk-companies.pdf?epslanguage=en-gb Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cpni.gov.uk/documents/publications/2014/oxford-economics-cyber-effects-uk-companies.pdf?epslanguage=en-gb Shelf Number: 133418 Keywords: Commercial CrimesComputer CrimesCosts of CrimeCrimes Against BusinessesCyber SecurityCybercrime (U.K.)Economic AnalysisEconomic Crimes |
Author: European Parliament. Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department C Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Title: The Economic, Financial and Social Impacts of Organised Crime in the EU Summary: The aim of the study is to generate a best estimate for the economic, financial and social costs of organised crime in and against the EU and to inform an evidence-based understanding of the associated issues. As so much uncertainty and known intra-EU and inter-crime variation exist, the study refrains from trying to create an aggregate figure for the costs of organised crime and responses to it in the EU as a whole and, instead, where possible, produces estimates for selected offenses. The study underlines that measuring the costs of organised crime is still at an early stage of development and that there is a clear need for more cross-border data matching and investigation in order to improve the quality of the evidence basis for European law enforcement agencies and their effectiveness in fighting organised crime. Details: Brussels: European Union, 2113. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/493018/IPOL-JOIN_ET(2013)493018_EN.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/493018/IPOL-JOIN_ET(2013)493018_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 133727 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeOrganized Crime (Europe) |
Author: Pereznieto, Paola Title: The costs and economic impact of violence against children Summary: This briefing paper presents the main findings of a report commissioned by ChildFund Alliance, exploring the economic impacts and costs of violence against children. It presents a summary of the available evidence from different countries and provides some estimates of the global costs of violence and exploitation against children. The briefing discusses government spending to prevent and respond to violence against children as well as good preventive practices. It also provides some policy recommendations. In summary, this report finds that there are significant costs for individuals, communities, governments and economies from the different forms of violence against children. In the case of global costs resulting from physical, psychological and sexual violence, these costs can be as high as 8% of global GDP. Considering other forms of violence, such as children's involvement in hazardous work, the global costs are estimated to be $97 billion every year, which is equivalent to seven times Iceland's 2013 GDP. The economic impact of another form of violence against children - that of children associated with armed forces or groups - has been estimated to be $144 million annually. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2014. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 24, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9177.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9177.pdf Shelf Number: 133815 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild ExploitationChild LaborChild Sexual AbuseCosts of CrimeViolence Against Children (International) |
Author: Lakhani, Sadaf Title: Gates, hired guns and mistrust : business unusual - the cost of crime and violence to businesses in Papua New Guinea Summary: High levels of crime and violence are widely viewed as a critical constraint to development in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The most casual discussion on the topic inevitably elicits stories of personal experiences of victimization, or those of friends or family. Reports of violent incidents appear in the media on a daily basis. Despite 10 years of strong economic growth, with an increase in GDP of over 8 percent in 2011, there is a perception is that crime and violence have an impact on the business climate in the country, and that the costs to development are significant. This paper is the fourth in a series produced by the World Bank as part of the study "Socioeconomic Costs of Crime and Violence in PNG". The aim of the study has been to conduct targeted data collection and mine existing information sources, creating new analyses, in order to feed an informed dialogue among key stakeholders in PNG, and to help the business community in their ongoing discussions. As such, the study provides an overview of costs according to key themes along with presenting relevant empirical evidence, rather than a detailed accounting. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Paper No. 4: Accessed December 8, 2014 at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/05/20030015/gates-hired-guns-mistrust-business-unusual-cost-crime-violence-businesses-papua-new-guinea Year: 2014 Country: Papua New Guinea URL: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/05/20030015/gates-hired-guns-mistrust-business-unusual-cost-crime-violence-businesses-papua-new-guinea Shelf Number: 134268 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrimes Against Businesses Economics and Crime Violent Crime (Papua New Guinea) |
Author: Cerqueira, Daniel R.C. Title: The Welfare Cost of Homicides in Brazil: Accounting for Heterogeneity in the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Reductions Summary: This paper estimates the health dimension of the welfare cost of homicides in Brazil incorporating age, gender, educational, and regional heterogeneities. We use the marginal willingness to pay approach from the "value of life" literature to assign monetary values to the welfare cost of increased mortality due to violence. The results indicate that the present discounted value of the welfare cost of homicides in Brazil corresponds to roughly 78% of the GDP or, measured in terms of yearly flow, 2.3%. The analysis also indicates that reliance on aggregate data to perform such calculations, without taking into account the relevant dimensions of heterogeneity, can lead to biases of the order of 20% in the estimated social cost of violence. Details: Rio de Janeiro: Institute of Applied Economic Research, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: TEXTO PARA DISCUSSION, No. 600: Accessed April 2, 2015 at: http://www.econ.puc-rio.br/pdf/td600.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.econ.puc-rio.br/pdf/td600.pdf Shelf Number: 135143 Keywords: Costs of CrimeHomicides (Brazil)Violent CrimeWelfare |
Author: Ambrey, Christopher L. Title: The life satisfaction approach to estimating the cost of crime: An individual's willingness-to-pay for crime reduction Summary: This paper is motivated by the need to develop an improved model for estimating the intangible costs of crime. Such a model will assist policy makers and criminal justice researchers to compare the costs and benefits of crime control policies. We demonstrate how the life satisfaction approach may be used to measure an individual's willingness-to-pay for crime reduction. Results indicate that property crime in one's local area detracts from an individual's life satisfaction. On average, an individual is implicitly willing-to-pay $3,213 in terms of annual household income to decrease the annual level of property crime by one offence per 1000 residents in their local area. This equates to a per-capita willingness-to-pay of $1,236. Details: Griffith University, Business School, 2012. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Papers No. 2013-01: Accessed July 13, 2015 at: https://www.melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/hilda/Bibliography/Working_Discussion_Research_Papers/2013/Ambrey_etal_-the-life-satisfaction-approach-to-estimating-the-cost-of-crime.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: https://www.melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/hilda/Bibliography/Working_Discussion_Research_Papers/2013/Ambrey_etal_-the-life-satisfaction-approach-to-estimating-the-cost-of-crime.pdf Shelf Number: 136020 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimeProperty Crime |
Author: Farmer, Andrew Title: Qualitative and monetary analysis of the impacts of environmental crime: Overview Summary: The survey of data sources within earlier work within EFFACE showed that the data on environmental crime are usually highly dispersed with limited detailed data collations. The most likely sources of consolidated data are international institutions (such as Conventions and the EU). However, even here data are often limited. As a result it is not possible to provide a robust estimate of the overall impacts of environmental crime as a total figure. There are simply too many gaps for this to be done with any confidence. Therefore, it is important to focus on quantifying the impacts of environmental crime in areas where there are sufficient data for this to be done robustly and with confidence. As a result, the quantitative and monetary analysis has been undertaken for the following five subjects: - The impacts of arson events - The impacts of illegal wildlife trade in rhino and elephant - The impacts of marine pollution - The impacts of illegal WEEE shipments from the EU to China - The impacts of illegal wildlife trade in Horsfieldii Tortoise A common framework to guide data collection, analysis and presentation was agreed. This framework involved three analytical steps on the quantitative assessment of levels of illegal activity, the quantitative assessment of the impacts of that illegal activity and the economic valuation of the impacts of the illegal activity. The results identified good examples of information that can be used to understand impacts of environmental crime. The most useful are good, coherent databases with information about the scale of illegal events (a fires database being a clear case). Another is the linking together of good data from different sources, such as that on illegal elephant and rhino poaching and that on population changes - thus enabling conclusions to be drawn on whether the criminal activity is affecting populations in the wild. Data from different types of sources can help paint a picture of different types of impacts (as seen with the waste shipment case). The work had variable success in determining the quantitative impacts of environmental crime. Problems encountered in doing this have included: - Barriers to determining what level of crime is occurring, where, trends, etc. In some cases there is poor recording of criminal events. However, in other cases it may be difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal activity. - Information about impacts may prove difficult to move from anecdotal to quantitative. - Where crime levels are known, the impacts from such crimes may be mixed with those from legal activities, so that distinguishing impacts is difficult. - There is poor monitoring and recording of changes to environmental quality, health, etc., so that quantitative impacts of criminal activities are not known. As a result, for much of the work here, assessments of quantitative impacts are limited to specific areas where there is sufficient data (or data of sufficient confidence) to provide those estimates. The analyses in this study present different approaches to economic analysis. In some cases the quantitative information is insufficient to develop further economic assessments to any degree of confidence. Some used valuations of the natural environment (e.g. on natural capital loss due to poaching) or to health (e.g. for waste shipment). The fires case has sought to estimate the value of assets lost. Several cases have included information on the financial losses and benefits from those engaged in or affected by the illegal activity. In all cases, the economic analysis does not provide a total value for the impact of the type of environmental crime covered, but economic values for specific impacts. Details: London: Institute for European Environmental Policy, 2015. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: A study in the framework of the EFFACE research project. Accessed August 21, 2015 at: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/EFFACE%20D3.2a%20-%20Quantitative%20and%20monetary%20analysis%20-%20overview.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/EFFACE%20D3.2a%20-%20Quantitative%20and%20monetary%20analysis%20-%20overview.pdf Shelf Number: 136516 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeEnvironmental CrimeIllegal TradeOffenses Against the EnvironmentWildlife Crime |
Author: Sarver, Christian M. Title: Utah Cost of Crime. Intensive Supervision (Adults): Technical Report (includes Electronic Monitoring) Summary: Intensive supervision is an intermediate sanction intended to reduce the costs of incarceration, by decreasing the time that offenders spend in jail or prison, while protecting public safety through increased monitoring (Gendreau, Goggin, Cullen, Andrews, 2000; MacKenzie, 2006). Offenders who receive intensive supervision are sentenced to community-based sanctions with increased supervision rather than incarceration. Traditionally, the defining feature of intensive supervision is the increased allocation of resources to surveillance, which can include a range of strategies for monitoring and controlling offenders in the community: increased contact with probation/parole officers, reduced caseload for probation/parole officers, home confinement, Day Reporting Centers, electronic monitoring, and random drug testing (Tonry, 1990). Surveillance-oriented intensive supervision programs (ISP) are designed to reduce recidivism via increased monitoring of offenders' location and activities, which is intended to have a deterrent effect on criminal behavior. In contrast, treatment-oriented ISPs intended to reduce recidivism via the use of monitoring to enforce compliance with treatment and supervision goals, which is believed to result in long-term behavioral change (Brown, 2007). Prior Research Research on intensive supervision suggests that surveillance alone is not an effective strategy for deterring criminal behavior. Results from an extensive study that used random assignment to evaluate the effects of ISP at 14 sites in nine states demonstrated that increased surveillance had no impact on rearrest rates when compared to regular supervision or incarceration (Petersilia & Turner, 1993). Similarly, MacKenzie (2006) combined 31 effect sizes, from 13 studies, and found a non-significant increase in recidivism for offenders who participated in ISP when compared to other forms of supervision (probation/parole or incarceration). In fact, in some cases, ISPs have been associated with higher rates of incarceration due to increased detection of technical violations (GAO, 1993; Gendreau et al., 2000). This latter finding suggests that surveillance-oriented ISPs are ineffective-from both a cost and public safety perspective-because they do not reduce the incidence of new crimes but do increase the likelihood that offenders will be returned to jail or prison on technical violations. A separate analysis of intermediate sanction programs that included a treatment component found that those programs were associated with a 10% reduction in recidivism (Gendreau et al., 2000). Increasingly, research indicates that ISPs are more effective when structured in accordance with the principles of effective rehabilitation, combining treatment and rehabilitation programming with intensive monitoring (Andrews, Bonta, & Hodge, 1990; Bonta, 2001). In a series of cost-benefit analyses, the Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP) consistently found significant reductions in recidivism for treatment-oriented ISPs when compared to regular supervision (Aos, Phipps, Barnoski, & Lieb, 2001; Aos et al., 2011; Drake, 2009). Surveillance-oriented ISPs were not associated with any statistically significant difference in reoffending when compared to regular supervision. The WSIPP analyses found no difference in recidivism when comparing ISP to incarceration; however, given cost differences between community-based supervision and a secure placement, the authors concluded that ISP was cost effective when compared to prison (Aos et al., 2001). In a meta-analysis of 58 ISPs, Lowenkamp, Flores, Holsinger, Makarios, and Latessa (2010) found a relationship between the impact of ISPs and program philosophy: treatment-oriented ISPs were associated with statistically significant reductions in recidivism while deterrence-oriented programs were not. Further emphasizing the importance of treatment as a component of ISPs, the authors found that even programs that included well-implemented treatment did not significantly reduce recidivism when it was provided in the context of a surveillanc--oriented ISP. Electronic monitoring. Electronic monitoring (EM) is also an intermediate sanction, often implemented within the context of home confinement or a curfew order. Offenders are monitored by probation/parole staff via a range of devices, which include wrist and ankle bracelets, global positioning systems, and voice verification systems (U. S. Department of Justice (USDOJ), 2009). While many EM programs are administered as part of an ISP, the WSIPP studies evaluated electronic monitoring (EM) separately and found no difference in recidivism rates for offenders sentenced to EM when compared to incarceration (Drake, 2009) or regular probation (Aos et al., 2001). These findings are confirmed in MacKenzie's (2006) analysis of eight EM studies and in Renzema and May-Wilson's (2007) systematic review. Renzema and May-Wilson only identified three studies that met inclusion criteria in terms of methodological rigor. Their meta-analysis of those studies showed no effect on reoffending as a result of EM; combining the results of this analysis with the systematic review, the authors concluded that no empirical proof exists to show that EM reduces recidivism. The U.S. Department of Justice (2009), however, argues that the lack of difference in recidivism rates for EM-supervised offenders when compared to incarcerated offenders is justification for the use of EM, because EM is less expensive than prison. Renzema's (2007) analysis supports this assessment, to some degree, as the authors conclude that EM can be appropriate when used "to accomplish realistic goals" rather than as a "knee-jerk reaction to crime, overcrowding, and high costs of running correctional systems" (p. 232). Details: Salt Lake City: Utah Criminal Justice Center, University of Utah, 2012. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2015 at: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/ISP_Adult_Tech_updateformat.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/ISP_Adult_Tech_updateformat.pdf Shelf Number: 136590 Keywords: Costs of crimeCosts of Criminal JusticeElectronic MonitoringIntensive SupervisionOffender SupervisionProbationProbationers |
Author: deVuono-powell, Saneta Title: Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families. Summary: Each year, the United States spends $80 billion to lock away more than 2.4 million people in its jails and prisons - budgetary allocations that far outpace spending on housing, transportation, and higher education. But costs run deeper than budget line items and extend far beyond the sentences served. These costs are rarely quantified and measured and primarily impact incarcerated populations and the families and communities from whom they are separated, the same people who are already stigmatized, penalized, and punished. Families pay both the apparent and hidden costs while their loved ones serve out sentences in our jails and prisons. Because families are formed in diverse ways and take many forms, the definition used in this report encompasses families built across generations and borders and within and beyond blood relations. The families in this report and those who support loved ones bear the burden to help those individuals re-acclimate to society after serving time. Four decades of unjust criminal justice policies have created a legacy of collateral impacts that last for generations and are felt most deeply by women, low-income families, and communities of color. In March 2014, the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Forward Together, and Research Action Design launched a collaborative participatory research project with 20 community-based organizations across the country to address this unjust legacy. Trained community researchers reached directly into communities in 14 states, probing into the financial costs faced when a family member goes to jail or prison, the resulting effects on physical and mental health, and the challenges and barriers encountered by all when an individual returns home. The research included surveys with 712 formerly incarcerated people, 368 family members of the formerly incarcerated, 27 employers, and 34 focus groups with family members and individuals impacted by incarceration. The project revealed that many of the costs and penalties associated with incarceration continue long after incarceration ends and reach far beyond the individual being punished, with negative impacts for families and communities. The findings show that the long-term costs extend beyond the significant sums already paid by individuals and their families for immediate and myriad legal expenses, including cost of attorney, court fees and fines, and phone and visitation charges. In fact, these costs often amount to one year's total household income for a family and can force a family into debt. Latent costs include, but are not limited to, mental health support, care for untreated physical ailments, the loss of children sent to foster care or extended family, permanent declines in income, and loss of opportunities like education and employment for both the individuals incarcerated and their family members, opportunities that could lead to a brighter future. Details: Oakland, CA: Ella Baker Center, Forward Together, Research Action Design, 2015. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2015 at: http://ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/who-pays.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/who-pays.pdf Shelf Number: 136781 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCosts of IncarcerationFamilies of Inmates |
Author: National Rural Crime Network Title: The True Cost of Crime in Rural Areas: Report and Recommendations Summary: Our survey of over 17,000 people living and working in rural areas throughout England and Wales suggests the true cost of crime in rural areas could exceed $800m. This figure is 21 times higher than previous figures, dwarfing earlier estimates. The survey also indicates that hard-pressed young families and farmers are the most frequent victims of crime, with the average cost of those crimes to a household being over $2,500 and for a business over $4,000. Moreover, there appears to be a vicious circle of low expectations, leading to chronic under-reporting, anger, frustration and worry. The result is increasing fear of crime and significantly lower satisfaction levels in the police than the national average. As a consequence of these findings, we are making seven recommendations including fair funding for rural areas; more joined up working with partners and communities, building on rural resilience; embedding best practice; developing new policies and ways of working; and ensuring a more targeted approach within rural communities. The key survey results are: - Financial impact of crime on rural economy is significant - the cost of crime to rural communities is estimated to be $800 million equivalent to $200 for every household in the countryside. The average cost to rural households who are victims of crime is $2500 and $4100 for rural businesses. - Fear of crime is increasing - 39% of rural people are very or fairly worried about becoming a victim of crime, compared to 19% nationally. Even more worryingly, 32% of respondents are more fearful of becoming victims of crime than five years ago, compared to only 3% who are less fearful. Rural businesses are the most fearful of becoming victims of crime, with 51% very or fairly fearful, closely followed by younger families. - Low satisfaction rates of police performance in rural areas - just 39% of rural people rate the police as good (32.4%) or excellent (6.3%). Among rural businesses this figure was just 32%. Those figures compare to 63% nationally who think the police is doing a good job (53% Good and 10% Excellent), showing rural communities have a significantly lower satisfaction rate than their urban counterparts. - The survey showed satisfaction levels drop to just 23% when it comes to the rural public's perceptions of the police's ability to solve crime. - Crime is under reported in rural areas - more than one in four (27%) did not report the last crime of which they were a victim. This means Home Office figures of 294,000 rural crimes between April 2014 and May 2015 could be incorrect and the actual number of crimes could be as high as 403,000. - Rural communities are resilient - community spirit is clear to see in our rural communities. The vast majority feel they very or fairly strongly belong in their community, with 27% feeling that sense of belonging has increased in the last five years. 25% of people also felt that their community pulled together to improve their neighbourhood - Lessons for Local Authorities and other partners - two issues of greatest concern to the rural community were road safety (63%) - which the police play a crucial part in, but which they cannot resolve without working with partners - and fly-tipping, which is now a civil offence (61%). Details: Tavistock, Devon, UK: National Rural Crime Network, 2015. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 18, 2015 at: http://www.nationalruralcrimenetwork.net/content/uploads/2015/09/NRCN-National-Rural-Crime-Sur...pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nationalruralcrimenetwork.net/content/uploads/2015/09/NRCN-National-Rural-Crime-Sur...pdf Shelf Number: 136808 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime StatisticsCrime SurveyRural AreasRural Crime |
Author: Brenig, Mattheus Title: Putting a Price Tag on Security: Subjective Well-Being and Willingness-to-Pay for Crime Reduction in Europe Summary: Using information on life satisfaction and crime from the European Social Survey, we apply the life satisfaction approach (LSA) to determine the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB), income, victimization experience, fear of crime and various regional crime rates across European regions, while controlling for potentially confounding socio-economic variables. We show that fear of crime, criminal victimization and the average regionally perceived fear of crime significantly reduce life satisfaction across Europe. Building upon these results, we quantify the monetary value of improvements in public safety and its valuation in terms of individual well-being. The loss in satisfaction for victimized individuals corresponds to 21,790L. Increasing an average individual's perception within his neighborhood from unsafe to safe yields a benefit equivalent to 12,700L. Our results regarding crime and SWB in Europe largely resemble previous results for different countries and other criminal contexts, whereby using the LSA as a valuation method for public good provision yields similar results as stated preference methods and considerably higher estimates than revealed preference methods Details: Gottingen, Germany: University of Goettingen (Gottingen), 2016. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Papers, no. 278: Accessed March 16, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2736933 Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2736933 Shelf Number: 138253 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCrime PreventionCrime RatesFear of CrimeSecurity |
Author: Jaitman, Laura Title: The Welfare Costs of Crime and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean Summary: The aim of this volume is to carry out a systematic and rigorous analysis of the costs of crime and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a focus on methodological and conceptual issues that are key to an exhaustive understanding of their economic and social dimensions. It presents an economic model of crime that conceptualizes the impact of violence on welfare. In addition, this volume is the first of its kind to provide estimates of the direct costs of crime and violence with the accounting method in a homogenous manner for a set of countries in the region (Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Paraguay, and Uruguay). Furthermore, it presents applied analyses on the indirect and intangible economic and social costs of crime and violence, and discusses the need to improve statistical systems in the region for conducting evidence-based citizen security analyses and obtaining estimates of the welfare costs of crime. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 24, 2016 at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7246 Year: 2015 Country: Latin America URL: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7246 Shelf Number: 138403 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of WelfarePublic SecurityViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Carrera, Sergio Title: The Cost of Non-Europe in the Area of Organised Crime and Corruption: Annex I - Organised Crime Summary: This Research Paper examines the costs of non-Europe in the field of organised crime. It provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the main legal/ethical, socio-political and economic costs and benefits of the EU in policies on organised crime. It offers an in-depth examination of the transformative contribution that the EU has made, in terms of investigation, prosecution and efficiency, to trans-border operational activities and the protection of its citizens' rights. Finally, it seeks to answer the questions of what are the costs and benefits of European cooperation and what forms of cooperation would bring more European added value. Details: Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service, 2016. 177p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2016 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/579318/EPRS_STU(2016)579318_EN.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/579318/EPRS_STU(2016)579318_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 138492 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCounterfeitingCybercrimeDrug TraffickingEconomic CrimesEnvironmental CrimeHuman traffickingOrganized CrimeWeapons Trafficking |
Author: Rolles, Steve Title: The Alternative World Drug Report. 2nd edition Summary: In April, the world will come together at the UN to discuss the future of international drug policy. It will be the first time that far-reaching drug policy reforms are meaningfully discussed at such a high level. The current enforcement-based, UN-led drug control system is coming under unparalleled scrutiny over its failure to deliver a promised "drug-free world", and for what the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) describes as its negative "unintended consequences". It is unacceptable that despite acknowledging these negative impacts, the UNODC does not include them in its annual World Drug Report, and neither the UN nor its member states have meaningfully assessed whether these unintended consequences outweigh the intended consequences. The second edition of the Alternative World Drug Report fills this gap by detailing the full range of negative impacts caused by the drug war. It demonstrates that the current approach is creating crime, harming health, and fatally undermining all "three pillars" of the UN's work - peace and security, development, and human rights. The stark failure of the current system has meant that alternative drug policy approaches are a growing reality. This report therefore explores a range of options for reform, including decriminalisation and legal regulation, that could deliver better outcomes,. The global prohibitionist consensus has broken, and cannot be fixed. This Alternative World Drug Report is intended to help policymakers shape what succeeds it Details: London: Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2016. 192p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2016 at: http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/AWDR-2nd-edition.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/AWDR-2nd-edition.pdf Shelf Number: 138575 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug EnforcementDrug PolicyIllegal DrugsOrganized Crime |
Author: Sarver, Christian M. Title: Utah Cost of Crime. Intensive Supervision (Juveniles): Technical Report Summary: While originally designed as a cost-saving mechanism for diverting adult offenders from institutional placements, intensive supervision programs (ISP) have also been implemented with juveniles. With juvenile offenders, ISPs explicitly attend to both the rehabilitative- and surveillance-oriented goals of the juvenile justice system (Armstrong, 1991). These programs typically provide treatment and services for both offenders and their families, target offenders' interactions in peer- and school-environments, and provide structure to monitor the goals of the court (Altschuler & Armstrong, 1991; Wiebush, Wagner, McNulty, Wang, & Le, 2005). In the 1990s, the United States Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) created an intensive aftercare research and demonstration program to provide best practice guidelines for reintegrating high-risk, juvenile parolees into the community. Known as intensive aftercare programs (IAP), this model used increased supervision as one component of a structured, multi-dimensional intervention that included assessment, transition planning, case management, and graduated sanctions (Wiebush et al., 2005). Prior Research Research on juvenile offenders provides inconclusive results on the effectiveness of intensive supervision as a strategy for deterring criminal and delinquent behavior (Drake, Aos, & Miller, 2009; Henggeler & Schoenwald, 2011; Lipsey, 2009; MacKenzie, 2006). In an analysis of intensive supervision for juveniles, MacKenzie (2006) combined nine (9) effect sizes and found no difference in recidivism rates for juveniles placed in ISPs when compared to regular supervision or secure placement. Drake, Aos, and Miller (2009) also found no difference in recidivism rates between juveniles in ISPs when compared to regular supervision (three (3) studies) or secure placements (five (5) studies). In contrast, an earlier study by the Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP) found that juvenile offenders on intensive supervision had significantly lower rates of recidivism than offenders on regular supervision (Aos et al., 2001). The WSIPP analyses found no difference in recidivism when comparing ISP to incarceration; however, given cost differences between community-based supervision and a secure placement, the authors concluded that intensive supervision was cost effective when compared to incarceration (Aos et al., 2001). Increasingly, research indicates that ISPs are effective despite, rather than because of, intensive surveillance strategies (Henngeler & Schoenwald, 2011). In a meta-analysis of more than 500 studies of interventions for juvenile offenders, Lipsey (2009) found that program effectiveness-in both community and secure settings-was primarily a function of program philosophy and treatment quality. Regardless of setting, programs that were grounded in therapeutic treatment philosophies were more effective than programs that were grounded in surveillance- and control-oriented philosophies. These findings suggest that disparities in the research on juvenile ISPs might be a function of differences in treatment and service delivery rather than the nature and intensity of supervision strategies (Lipsey, Howell, Kelly, Chapman, & Carver, 2010). Details: Salt Lake City: Utah Criminal Justice Center, University of Utah, 2012. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 23, 2016 at: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/ISP_Juv_Tech_updateformat.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/ISP_Juv_Tech_updateformat.pdf Shelf Number: 138779 Keywords: Costs of crimeCosts of Criminal Justice Electronic Monitoring Intensive Supervision Juvenile AftercareJuvenile OffendersJuvenile ProbationOffender Supervision |
Author: Singh, Raju Jan Title: Guns, Books, or Doctors? Conflict and Public Spending in Haiti: Lessons from Cross-Country Evidence Summary: Haiti's economic development has been held back by a history of civil conflict and violence. With donor assistance declining from its exceptional levels following the 2010 earthquake, and concessional financing growing scarce, Haiti must learn to live with tighter budget constraints. At the same time, the United Nations forces that have provided security in the past decade are scaling down. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the conditions under which public spending can minimize violent conflict, and draws possible lessons for Haiti. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 148 countries over the period 1960-2009, simulations for Haiti suggest that increases in military spending would be associated with a higher risk of conflict, an observation in line with Haiti's own history. Greater welfare expenditure (education, health, and social assistance), by contrast, would be associated with lower risk of conflict. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2016. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 7681. : Accessed June 1, 2016 at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/05/23/090224b084356212/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Guns00books00o0oss0country0evidence.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Haiti URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/05/23/090224b084356212/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Guns00books00o0oss0country0evidence.pdf Shelf Number: 139260 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomic Conditions and CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Cohen, Mark A. Title: The The 'Cost of Crime' and Benefit-Cost Analysis of Criminal Justice Policy: Understanding and Improving Upon the State-of-the-Art Summary: The use of benefit-cost analyses by criminal justice researchers has slowly been increasing over the past 30 years. While still in its infancy, benefit-cost analyses of criminal justice policies have recently moved from the academic arena to actual use by policy makers. The growing use of benefit-cost analysis in crime policy tends to be lauded by economists; however, criminologists and legal scholars are less than unanimous in their views. A recent issue of Criminology and Public Policy on the "Role of the Cost-of-Crime Literature," highlights this controversy. Two main themes can be distilled from critiques of the literature: first, the considerable uncertainty that exists in cost and benefit estimates; and second, the fact that important social costs are not being taken into account in current models. A related critique is that current methodologies to estimate the cost of crime are affected by income; bringing with it a concern that criminal justice policies based on a benefit-cost analysis will favor the rich. This research note addresses these broad questions about the role of benefit-cost analysis in the criminal justice policy arena and attempts to clear up some misunderstandings on the methodologies used to estimate the cost of crime. I also highlight some of the most important gaps in the literature for those interested in helping to improve the state-of-the-art in estimating the "cost of crime." Perhaps equally important, I hope to demystify benefit-cost analysis and unmask it for what it really is an important tool that can help policy makers systematically and transparently assess and compare options with the goal of making better policy decisions. Details: Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University, 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2832944 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2832944 Shelf Number: 147935 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice Policy |
Author: Institute for Economics and Peace Title: The Economic Cost of Violence Containment: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Global Cost of Violence Summary: One of the major challenges in developing policies aimed at increasing peace is the difficulty of being able to accurately gauge the benefits that result from peace. Recognising this, the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) has developed a new and ground breaking methodology to estimate the cost of violence to the global economy, including calculations for 152 countries that detail the costs of thirteen different types of violence. This deeper insight into the breakdown of national costs of violence allows for better targeting of development assistance and also enables national governments to more accurately assess the costs associated with violence and the likely benefits that would flow from improvements in peace. In developing this methodology IEP uses the concept of 'violence containment' spending. IEP defines violence containment spending as economic activity that is related to the consequences or prevention of violence where the violence is directed against people or property. This approach uses ten indicators from the Global Peace Index (GPI) and three additional key areas of expenditure to place an economic value on 13 different dimensions. This process has been developed to enable relative comparisons between countries at different levels of economic development. GDP per capita has been used to scale the cost of violence containment for each country. In both the U.S. and the U.K. a number of robust analyses have been conducted on the cost of various types of violence and have been used as the basis for the scaling. This study is highly conservative as there are many items that have not been counted simply because accurate data could not be obtained. Future estimates will attempt to capture these items and therefore are expected to be higher. The economic impact of violence containment to the world economy in 2012 was estimated to be $9.46 trillion or 11 percent of Gross World Product (GWP).* This figure is comprised of $4.73 trillion of direct and indirect costs as well as an additional $4.73 trillion in additional economic activity that would flow from the reinvestment of these costs into more fruitful economic activities. Were the world to reduce its expenditure on violence by fifteen percent it would be enough to provide the necessary money for the European Stability Fund, repay Greece's debt and cover the increase in funding required to achieve the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals. One of the easier items to count is military expenditure, thus it is nearly fully included in the study. Military spending constitutes 51 percent of the total accounted expenditure on violence containment. However, the approach excludes many other forms of violence containment due to a lack of available data. If other forms of violence were included in the overall estimate, it is expected that military spending would drop considerably as a proportion of total violence containment expenditure. It is important to highlight that the world's direct expenditure on the military is more than 12 times the world's expenditure on foreign aid, as measured by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The economic impact of homicides represents the next most significant cost at $1.43 trillion dollars or 15 percent of the total impact. The third largest contributor is spending on internal security officers and police, accounting for around 14 percent of the total, or $1.3 trillion dollars of the economic impact. The longer-term research project for IEP aims to categorise and count many of these relevant areas of expenditure. Some examples of items that have been excluded are: The significant costs related to property crimes, motor vehicle theft, arson, household burglary and larceny/ theft, as well as rape/sexual assault Many of the preventative measures, such as insurance premiums or the costs to businesses of surveillance equipment and lost management time The direct costs of domestic violence in terms of lost wages, emotional costs and recovery costs. While expenditures on containing and dealing with the consequences of violence are important and a necessary public good, the less a nation spends on violence-related functions, the more resources can be allocated to other more productive areas of economic activity. Simply put, economic expenditure on containing violence is economically efficient when it effectively prevents violence for the least amount of outlay. However, money that is diverted to surplus violence containment, or money that is spent on inefficient programs, has the potential to constrain a nation's economic growth. Importantly, many societies that have lower levels of violence and crime also have lower violence containment spending. These societies reap a peace dividend. Details: Sydney: Institute for Economics and Peace, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2016 at: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Economic-Cost-of-Violence-Containment.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Economic-Cost-of-Violence-Containment.pdf Shelf Number: 145412 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of Crime ViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Mungan, Murat C. Title: Reducing Crime through Expungements Summary: Expungements reduce the visibility of a person's criminal record, and thereby reduce the informal sanctions that may be imposed on him. This reduction is enjoyed by the ex-convict only if he does not become a repeat offender, because otherwise he re-obtains a criminal record. Thus, the value a person attaches to having his record expunged is inversely related to his criminal tendency. Therefore, by making expungements costly, the criminal justice system can sort out low criminal tendency individuals -- who are unlikely to recidivate -- from people who have high criminal tendencies. Moreover, the availability of expungements does not substantially affect a first time offender's incentive to commit crime, because one incurs a cost close to the reduction in informal sanctions that he enjoys by sealing his criminal record. On the other hand, expungements increase specific deterrence, because a person who has no visible record suffers informal sanctions if he is convicted a second time. Thus, perhaps counter-intuitively, allowing ex-convicts to seal their records at substantial costs reduces crime. Details: Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University College of Law, 2016. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 786 ; FSU College of Law, Law, Business & Economics Paper No. 16-2 Accessed October 28, 2016 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711024 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711024 Shelf Number: 145015 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCriminal RecordsDeterrenceExpungements |
Author: Australia. Attorney-General's Department Title: Identity crime and misuse in Australia 2016 Summary: This is the third in a series of reports that seek to analyse the nature and extent of identity crime and misuse in Australia. These reports compile data from Commonwealth, state and territory agencies, as well as the private sector and other non-government sources. The Attorney-General’s Department leads the development of these reports as a key initiative of the National Identity Security Strategy. Cost of identity crime The annual cost of identity crime in Australia is $2.2b. This includes the direct and indirect losses incurred by government agencies and individuals; and the cost of identity crimes recorded by police. The costs of preventing and responding to identity crime are estimated to be a further $390m, bringing the total economic impact of identity crime in Australia to approximately $2.6b per year. These figures represent a revised estimate of the cost of identity crime in Australia to $2.2b compared to the estimate of $2b from the 2013–14 report. This is due to better availability of data and is not necessarily an indicator of change over the intervening time. Details: Canberra: Attorney-General's Department, 2016. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 6, 2016 at: https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/Identity-crime-and-misuse-in-Australia-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/Identity-crime-and-misuse-in-Australia-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 147922 Keywords: Computer CrimesCosts of CrimeCybercrimeFinancial CrimesFraudIdentity Theft |
Author: Braakmann, Nils Title: Crime, health and wellbeing -- Longitudinal evidence from Mexico Summary: This paper uses variation in victimization probabilities between individuals living in the same community to shed new light on the costs of crime. I use panel data from the Mexican Family Life Survey for 2002 and 2005 and look at the impact of within-community differences in victimization risk on changes in self-rated and mental health. My results from fixed effects and instrumental variable estimations point towards substantial negative health effects of actual victimization, which might help to explain the existence of compensating differentials in wages or house prices found in earlier studies. Details: Munich: Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 2013. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: MPRA Paper No. 44885: Accessed December 7, 2016 at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44885/1/MPRA_paper_44882.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Mexico URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44885/1/MPRA_paper_44882.pdf Shelf Number: 147945 Keywords: Communities and CrimeCosts of CrimeEconomic AnalysisMental healthVictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: Detotto, Claudio Title: Counting the Cost of Crime in Italy Summary: The aim of this paper is to gauge the cost of crime in Italy by concentrating on a subset of offences covering about 64% of total recorded crime in year 2006. Following the breakdown of costs put forward by Brand and Price, we focus on the costs in anticipation, as a consequence and in response to a specific offence. The estimated total social cost is more than € 38 billion, which amounts to about 2.6% of Italy’s GDP. To show the usefulness of these measures, we borrow the elasticity estimates from recent studies concerning the determinants of crime in Italy and calculate the cost associated with the surge in crime fuelled by unemployment and pardons. Indeed, in both cases such costs are substantial, implying that they should no longer be skipped when assessing the relative desirability of public policies towards crime. Details: Caligari, Italy: Centre For North South Economic Research, 2010. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 2010/13: Accessed December 19, 2016 at: 25p. Year: 2010 Country: Italy URL: Shelf Number: 147755 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime StatisticsEconomics and CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and crime |
Author: Gabor, Thomas Title: Costs of Crime and Criminal Justice Responses Summary: In light of rising criminal justice expenditures in Canada over the last decade, concerns about the sustainability of the Canadian justice system programs and services have emerged. Although there is a growing body of international evidence on the associated costs, little has been done to synthesize this literature. This report presents a global, comprehensive literature review on the costs of crime and criminal justice responses for the purpose of examining their comparative burdens to society. An important aim of this report was to lay the groundwork for a comparison of cost estimates from Canadian studies with those found in the international literature and to aid in the development of a framework that could be applied in future costing studies. The report emphasizes the importance of costing methodology (e.g., accounting-based versus court-based awards), crime definitions, study location, population age, and the differentiation between tangible and intangible costs when determining accurate cost estimates for crimes and criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers some key theoretical considerations for the interpretation of study findings, and identifies four recommendations that social science researchers and operational personnel need to know about the future of crime costing studies. Details: Ottawa: Public Security Canada, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2015-R022: Accessed December 23, 2016 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r022/2015-r022-en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r022/2015-r022-en.pdf Shelf Number: 144811 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice Expenditures |
Author: Jaitman, Laura Title: The Costs of Crime and Violence: New Evidence and Insights in Latin America and the Caribbean Summary: This publication is the first to provide a comprehensive, systematic, and rigorous analysis of the costs of crime in Latin America and the Caribbean. The main challenges in the region are addressed: the social cost of homicides, private and public spending on security, the penitentiary crisis, violence against women, organized crime, and cybercrime. The volume estimates that the direct cost of crime for 17 LAC countries in 2010-2014 is, on average, 3.5 percent of the region's GDP, twice as much as in the developed world. It also provides a detailed analysis of the costs of crime in Brazil by state, as well as an examination of the geographical distribution and drivers of crime in the most dangerous subregions: the Northern Triangle in Central America and the Caribbean. The situation in terms of violence against women and cybercrime is assessed: the region is lagging behind to confront these new and old crimes. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8133/The-Costs-of-Crime-and-Violence-New-Evidence-and-Insights-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf?sequence=7 Year: 2017 Country: Latin America URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8133/The-Costs-of-Crime-and-Violence-New-Evidence-and-Insights-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf?sequence=7 Shelf Number: 141203 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCybercrimeEconomics of CrimeHomicidesOrganized CrimePrisonsViolence Against WomenViolent Crime |
Author: Caprirolo, Dino Title: Custos de bem-estar do crime no Brasil: Um país de contrastes (Cost of welfare of crime in Brazil: A Country of Contrasts) Summary: n 2014, violence cost US $ 75,894 million to Brazil or 3.14% of GDP. This represents 53% of the total cost of crime in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Brazil stands out for its high spending on private security (48% of the total cost of crime). Public expenditure is the second largest component (36% of costs), while social costs make up the smallest part (16% of the cost). The cost of crime between states and regions is similar in terms of heterogeneity to that observed in LAC countries. There are states whose cost corresponds to about 2% of GDP, while in others violence costs about three times more. The heterogeneity also manifests itself in terms of composition: in some states, social costs represent a relatively large share, while in others, public or private spending accounts for the highest costs of crime. Details: Washington, DC Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento. Divisão de Capacidade Institucional do Estado, 2017. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Nota técnica do BID ; 1243: Accessed February 24, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8131/Custos-de-bem-estar-do-crime-no-Brasil-um-pais-de-contrastes.pdf?sequence=1 (In Portuguese) Year: 2017 Country: Brazil URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8131/Custos-de-bem-estar-do-crime-no-Brasil-um-pais-de-contrastes.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 141209 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of ViolenceEconomics of CrimeViolenceViolent CrimeWelfare |
Author: Busch-Armendariz, Noel Title: Human Trafficking by the Numbers: The Initial Benchmark of Prevalence and Economic Impact for Texas Summary: Report from the Statewide Human Trafficking Mapping Project of Texas, a collaboration among the Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault (IDVSA) and the Bureau of Business Research at The University of Texas at Austin as well as Allies Against Slavery. The study found that there are more than 300,000 victims of human trafficking in Texas, including almost 79,000 minors and youth victims of sex trafficking and nearly 234,000 adult victims of labor trafficking. Minor and youth sex trafficking costs the state of Texas approximately $6.6 billion annually, and traffickers exploit approximately $600 million from victims of labor trafficking in Texas. Details: Austin: University of Texas at Austin, School of Social Work, Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , 2016. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 6, 2017 at: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44597/idvsa-2016-human-trafficking-by-the-numbers.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44597/idvsa-2016-human-trafficking-by-the-numbers.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 141349 Keywords: Child Sex TraffickingCosts of CrimeForced LaborHuman TraffickingModern SlaveryProstitutionSex Trafficking |
Author: Smith, Russell G. Title: Fraud within the Commonwealth: A census of the most costly incidents 2014. Summary: From financial years 2010-11 to 2014-14, Commonwealth entities experienced 9,467 incidents of internal fraud, with losses of over $12.7m. This study analysed information about the most costly incidents each entity experienced each year and those who perpetrated these. The majority of the 166 frauds related to employee entitlements or financial benefits, and most were committed through the misuse of documents or technology. The findings provide an insight into the fraud risks facing the Commonwealth and how these might best be addressed. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2017. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Statistical Bulletin 02: Accessed March 7, 2017 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/sb/002/sb002.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/sb/002/sb002.pdf Shelf Number: 146416 Keywords: Consumer ProtectionCosts of CrimeCrime StatisticsFinancial CrimesFraud |
Author: NetNames Title: Counting the Costs of Counterfeiting: A NetNames Report Summary: Today, the ease and reach of digital commerce presents extraordinary opportunities and serious threats to businesses, brands and consumers alike. The collision of counterfeiting, globalization and the fast-growing digital world has created a perfect storm, allowing the supply and demand for fake goods to converge. EXTRAORDINARY GROWTH In an environment where counterfeiting is as profitable as illegal drugs, but remains far less risky for criminals, we are seeing explosive growth. Expanding by over 15% every year, counterfeiting now costs more than 2% of total global economic output, or around $1.8 trillion per year. There is little doubt as to the crucial role played by the digital world in this meteoric rise, with a 15% increase in sales of counterfeit goods online last year. The internet has made counterfeiting a shifting problem that is difficult to combat. Rogue websites, online auctions and digital piracy all give counterfeiters lucrative and anonymous channels for their activities. PHARMA WORST AFFECTED While counterfeiting is a major challenge for every industry, pharma is the worst affected sector by any metric. Counterfeiters have claimed around a third of the entire market - worth some $200 billion - and are implicated in the deaths of up to one million people each year due to toxic or ineffective drugs. ENTER THE DRAGON: THE ROLE OF CHINA The United States, Europe and Australasia - the largest markets for fake goods - are all attempting to harmonize and intensify their multi-pronged strategy to combat counterfeiting and digital piracy. However, the tidal wave of counterfeit and grey-market goods from China shows little sign of being stemmed, remaining responsible for 70% of worldwide seizures. While global companies depend on Chinese manufacturing, this same ecosystem provides a haven of cheap labor and raw materials for counterfeiters. COST AND CONVENIENCE DRIVE CONSUMERS TO COUNTERFEITS Consumers remain largely innocent victims in this struggle, with 90% seeing counterfeiting as morally wrong. However, the demand for branded goods and the desire to find lower prices online mean that 28 consumers unknowingly buy fake goods for every person that does so intentionally. When consumers do deliberately consume counterfeit and pirated goods, cost and convenience are the major factors in their decision: 19% purchase fake products when the original is too expensive, while 22% will turn to digital piracy when there is no legal alternative. THE HEAVY TOLL ON BRANDS Counterfeiting creates a heavy financial burden for brands eroding profitability, market share and outside investment. While fake goods destroy around 10% of top-line revenues, they also force brands to make further investments in combatting the problem, and leave them less able to invest in future innovations. Even more insidious are the risks to both brand reputations and customers. Online, reputations can be instantly damaged in front of a global audience: 78% of consumers would shun a brand if they found themselves on a bogus website, even though the company itself was not negligent. Meanwhile, the risks to customers are not just financial, but also physical. G20 countries now see an estimated 3,000 deaths annually due to counterfeit consumer goods alone. NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATE NEW RISKS Counterfeiters will continue to exploit the potential of new technologies and the digital world to further their reach, profitability and anonymity. The rise of mobile and social is fragmenting the online landscape - exposing brands not just to counterfeiting, but also to evolving threats such as phishing, cybersquatting, traffic diversion and other forms of online fraud. ACTION IS ESSENTIAL New technologies will also be critical to the fight against counterfeiting, with RFID, digital authentication and new generic top-level domains (gTLDs) all allowing brands to strengthen their posture against fraudsters. In particular, given the skyrocketing risks from the combination of digital channels and fake goods, a proactive and effective online anti-counterfeiting strategy is now essential for every brand to safeguard customers, revenues and reputation. Details: London: Digital Citizens Alliance, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 13, 2017 at: https://www.netnames.com/assets/shared/whitepaper/pdf/NetNames-Counterfeiting-Report-A4-2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://www.netnames.com/assets/shared/whitepaper/pdf/NetNames-Counterfeiting-Report-A4-2015.pdf Shelf Number: 144902 Keywords: Consumer FraudConsumer ProtectionCosts of CrimeCounterfeit GoodsCounterfeitingFake GoodsFraudOnline Victimization |
Author: Conti, Gabriella Title: The Economic Costs of Child Maltreatment in the UK: A preliminary study Summary: This research examines the evidence for the economic costs of child maltreatment. This study is the first UK-based study that estimates the lifetime costs of child maltreatment. It uses existing UK longitudinal datasets. The estimates reflect the financial costs of child maltreatment in terms of its impact on health care, social care, education, the criminal justice system and also the costs to the wider economy in terms of lost productivity. Very importantly, this study does not capture significant intangible costs such as the emotional suffering borne by victims. The analysis shows that the discounted average lifetime incidence cost of non-fatal child maltreatment by a primary care-giver to be L89,390 (with a 95% certainty that the costs fall between L44,896 and L145,5081). The largest contributors to these costs were social care costs, short-term health-related costs, and the costs resulting from a lower probability of employment. The NSPCC and the researchers from University College London who undertook this research consider that this study presents a conservative estimate of the economic costs of child maltreatment. The estimate was limited by the range of child maltreatment and outcome measures in the data. For example, studies identified in the literature review for this report found important costs that could not be quantified as there were no relevant variables in the longitudinal datasets (e.g. days off work, premature mortality and drug use). Further, the literature review suggested a number of outcomes were related to child maltreatment (such as obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, raised cholesterol and cancer) but no effect on these was identified in the longitudinal datasets and they were therefore not included in the cost analysis. These factors mean that this study gives us a conservative estimate of the economic costs of child maltreatment in the UK. The estimates are useful for the economic evaluation of child maltreatment interventions and prevention services and can also be useful when there is a need to prepare a business case to make the case for a service or intervention where there may not have been one to date. This study represents a baseline on which future, more comprehensive, studies might be built when better data are available. Details: London: NSPCC, 2017. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 22, 2017 at: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/economic-cost-child-maltreatment-united-kingdom-preliminary-study.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/economic-cost-child-maltreatment-united-kingdom-preliminary-study.pdf Shelf Number: 146345 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (U.K.)Child MaltreatmentCosts of Crime |
Author: Parraguez Kobek, Luisa Title: The State of Cybersecurity in Mexico: An Overview Summary: The cost of cybercrime incidents in the world has gone from US$3 trillion in early 2015 to a projected US$6 trillion by 2021. Luis Almagro, the Secretary General of the OAS, acknowledged that information and communication technologies (ICTs) and its multiple uses continue to evolve at a rapid pace in the region and countries are highly vulnerable to potentially devastating cyberattacks. Mexico's economy and geostrategic location is an attractive target for illicit cyber activities. On the one hand, it is enjoying considerable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and a solid GDP growth and on the other, it is still relatively vulnerable in cybersecurity and cyber defense. Mexico ranks as the second country in Latin America with the most cyberattacks, with a 40% growth in the number of attacks between 2013 and 2014, and approximately 10 million victims in 2014. Cybersecurity, sustainability and resilience are not only necessary for Mexico's safekeeping but they are also important factors in its social and economic development. Mexico needs to engage with its national, regional and international partners to combine resources, multi-stakeholder initiatives and facilitate information sharing to ensure its security in cyberspace. Details: Washington, DC: Wilson Center, Mexico Institute, 2017. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2017 at: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/cybersecurity_in_mexico_an_overview.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Mexico URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/cybersecurity_in_mexico_an_overview.pdf Shelf Number: 147207 Keywords: Computer CrimesCosts of CrimeCybercrimeCybersecurityInternet Crimes |
Author: Great Britain. Home Office. Science Advisory Council Title: Understanding the costs of cyber crime: A report of key findings from the Costs of Cyber Crime Working Group Summary: The Home Office today published the findings that came out of the 'Costs of Cyber Crime Working Group' that ran from 2014-2016. The group, attended by techUK, was composed following a commitment in the 2013 Serious and Organised Crime Strategy that aimed to improve the quality of data that is used when estimating the cost of cyber-crime incidents. The report is intended to help take the research community closer towards achieving better estimates of the costs of cyber-crime as part of future studies. The report sets out the framework that will now be used for estimating costs and also makes a number of recommendations on the design of future research into the costs of cyber-crime, including: - Calling for researchers designing future costs of cyber-crime to approach their research design in a systematic fashion using the framework in the report; identify gaps in the costs of cyber-crime framework and tailor research questions so that they can fill these specific gaps - That future studies should further investigate the costs and profits to offenders of engaging in cyber-crime - That future studies investigate the financial impact of cyberattacks on a businesses' reputation - That future research consider how to estimate the monetary cost of the fear of cyber crime Details: London: Home Office, 2018. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 96: Accessed January 18, 2018 at: http://www.techuk.org/insights/news/item/12135-home-office-publishes-understanding-the-costs-of-cyber-crime-report Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.techuk.org/insights/news/item/12135-home-office-publishes-understanding-the-costs-of-cyber-crime-report Shelf Number: 148868 Keywords: Computer CrimeCosts of CrimeCybercrimeInternet Crime |
Author: Ponemon Institute Title: 2017 Cost of Cybercrime Study: Insights on the Security investment that Make a Difference Summary: With cyber attacks on the rise, successful breaches per company each year has risen more than 27 percent, from an average of 102 to 130. Ransomware attacks alone have doubled in frequency, from 13 percent to 27 percent, with incidents like WannaCry and Petya affecting thousands of targets and disrupting public services and large corporations across the world. One of the most significant data breaches in recent years has been the successful theft of 143 million customer records from Equifax- a consumer credit reporting agency-a cyber crime with devastating consequences due to the type of personally identifiable information stolen and knock-on effect on the credit markets. Information theft of this type remains the most expensive consequence of a cyber crime. Among the organizations we studied, information loss represents the largest cost component with a rise from 35 percent in 2015 to 43 percent in 2017. It is this threat landscape that demands organizations reexamine their investment priorities to keep pace with these more sophisticated and highly motivated attacks. To better understand the effectiveness of investment decisions, we analyzed nine security technologies across two dimensions: the percentage spending level between them and their value in terms of cost-savings to the business. The findings illustrate that many organizations may be spending too much on the wrong technologies. Five of the nine security technologies had a negative value gap where the percentage spending level is higher than the relative value to the business. Of the remaining four technologies, three had a significant positive value gap and one was in balance. So, while maintaining the status quo on advanced identity and access governance, the opportunity exists to evaluate potential over-spend in areas which have a negative value gap and rebalance these funds by investing in the breakthrough innovations which deliver positive value. Following on from the first Cost of Cyber Crime1 report launched in the United States eight years ago, this study, undertaken by the Ponemon Institute and jointly developed by Accenture, evaluated the responses of 2,182 interviews from 254 companies in seven countries-Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and the United States. We aimed to quantify the economic impact of cyber attacks and observe cost trends over time to offer some practical guidance on how organizations can stay ahead of growing cyber threats. Details: s.l.: Accenture, 2017. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.accenture.com/t20170926T072837Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-61/Accenture-2017-CostCyberCrimeStudy.pdf Shelf Number: 149125 Keywords: Costs of Crime Crime Against BusinessesCrime StatisticsCyber SecurityCybercrime Internet Crime |
Author: Americans for Responsible Solutions Title: The Economic Cost of Gun Violence in Ohio: A Business Case for Action Summary: Ohio's business community is severely impacted by the negative economic consequences of gun violence. Shootings engender fear in the affected neighborhood that keeps potential customers away, forces businesses to relocate or limit their hours of operation, and decreases foreign and local tourism. In too many parts of the state, the number of shootings is moving in the wrong direction, trending toward violence and death. In 2016, the Cleveland area endured its deadliest year in more than a decade, with 139 gun homicides and more than 500 nonfatal shootings. Details: San Francisco: Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, 2017. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 13, 2018 at: http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/The-Economic-Cost-of-Gun-Violence-in-Ohio.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/The-Economic-Cost-of-Gun-Violence-in-Ohio.pdf Shelf Number: 149447 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeGun ViolenceGun-Related ViolenceHomicides |
Author: San Francisco Child Abuse Prevention Center Title: The Economics of Child Abuse: A Study of San Francisco Summary: "The Economics of Child Abuse: A Study of San Francisco" is a first-of-its-kind report quantifying the economic cost of child abuse to the San Francisco community. The report asses community risk factors that make families of the city vulnerable to abuse. It also discusses protective factors which keep families safe and strong. Key Findings -- Estimated lifetime cost per victim of child abuse in San Francisco is $400,533 - The total estimated costs associated with one year of substantiated cases of child abuse in San Francisco is $301.6 million. - Given significant under-reporting of child abuse, the total economic cost could be as high as $5.6 billion. - San Francisco has community risk factors that make its residents more susceptible to abuse, including: impact of economic instability and homelessness, emigration and immigration, low number of families and young children. - Strengthening protective factors - parental resilience, social connections, concrete support in times of need, knowledge of parenting, and social / emotional competence of children - is critical to preventing child abuse. Details: San Francisco: The Child Abuse Prevention Center, and the Haas School of Business at University of California, Berkeley, 2017. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed March 14, 2018 at: https://safeandsound.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/economicsofabuse_report_sfcapc1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://safeandsound.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/economicsofabuse_report_sfcapc1.pdf Shelf Number: 149468 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild ProtectionCosts of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of CrimeHealth Care |
Author: Heerde, Jessica A. Title: Prevent crime and save money: Return-on-investment models in Australia Summary: Finding effective ways to prevent crime is important. This project was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining data from a 12-year Australian longitudinal study (N=2,885) with prevention strategy investment data to estimate potential returns, including a reduction in intimate partner violence and prison entry. The project investigated the return on investment achievable in Victoria with a $150 million investment in a mix of six evidence based prevention strategies. The study estimated that the 10-year lag effect of investing an extra $150 million was a five percent reduction in incarceration and a four percent reduction in cases of intimate partner violence involving physical force. The net return from the $150 million investment in prevention was conservatively estimated at $191 million. It appears feasible and cost-effective to prevent intimate partner violence, while also reducing incarceration rates. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2018. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 545: https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi545 Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi545 Shelf Number: 150068 Keywords: AdolescentsAnti-social BehaviorCost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimeCrime PreventionEvidence-Based PoliciesIntimate-Partner Violence |
Author: Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence Title: The Economic Cost of Gun Violence in New Jersey: A Business Case for Action Summary: In recent years, New Jersey has experienced an average of 280 gun-related homicides, 184 gun-related suicides, 764 non-fatal interpersonal shootings, and 599 unintentional shootings per year. New Jersey has the sixth-lowest number of gun deaths per capita among the states. Nevertheless, gun violence in the state exacts a high physical, emotional, and financial toll on families and communities. We often hear about the heartbreak and physical pain these shootings cause, but there is another aspect of the gun violence epidemic that doesn't receive as much attention: the overwhelming financial cost. TALLYING THE NUMBERS The 2,014 shootings that occur each year in New Jersey are a serious drain on the state's economy. Based on the expenses we can directly measure, including healthcare costs ($93 million per year), law enforcement and criminal justice expenses ($131 million per year), costs to employers ($8 million per year), and lost income ($918 million per year), the initial price tag of gun violence in New Jersey is over $1.2 billion per year. Much of this tab is picked up by the public. Up to 85% of gunshot victims, for example, are either uninsured or on some form of publicly funded insurance. Additionally, law enforcement efforts are funded entirely by taxpayer dollars. As a result, gun violence costs New Jersey taxpayers approximately $273 million each year. Details: San Francisco: The Center, 2018. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 7, 2018 at: http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Cost-of-Gun-Violence-in-New-Jersey_Full-Report_4.20.18.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Cost-of-Gun-Violence-in-New-Jersey_Full-Report_4.20.18.pdf Shelf Number: 150079 Keywords: Costs of Crime Costs of Violence Gun Violence Gun-Related Violence |
Author: Simon Fraser University. Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies Title: Economics of Policing: Complexity and Costs in Canada, 2014 Summary: In 2005, the Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies (ICURS) at Simon Fraser University and the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of the Fraser Valley jointly conducted a historical analysis of the evolution of police workloads in British Columbia over the prior thirty years. The 2005 "30 Year Study" study found that police work had become much more complex and therefore more expensive. ICURS has conducted a follow up to the original study aimed at understanding further developments in the complexity and economics of police work. Overall, ICURS found that the demand for police services has been increasing over the past ten years through increases in non-criminal calls for policing, continuing increases in the legal complexity of equitable handling of cases, the growing policing response to mental health and addiction needs, and the increases in technical demands on services. While we document here a range of changes to the way policing 'gets done' in the Canada, it is important to state at the outset, that it is the police and civilian staff, at a local level, who must respond to an increasingly dynamic set of requirements and expectations. Police agencies, large or small, urban, rural or remote, must adapt to increased pressure in their daily work and are required to serve multiple, and at times, seemingly incongruent roles. These pressures stem from internal and external forces, reflecting, we believe, an evolving social and economic context in our communities. This trend marks a continuation of the findings reported in our first look at the changing nature of policing complexity. In fact, these trends appear to be increasing at a more rapid rate, placing policing in a more difficult position as the first responder to many social and safety needs for the population in general and marginalized populations in particular. The current study starts with an inquiry into the potential changes first identified in the "30 Year Study", exploring these issues through police incident based database and dispatch records systems, such as PRIME-BC, PIRS, PROS, the national Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), as well as municipal, provincial and federal costing data. Details: Vancouver, B.C.: Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies, Simon Fraser University, 2014. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2018 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/cnmcs-plcng/rsrch-prtl/dtls-en.aspx?d=PS&i=80811653 Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/cnmcs-plcng/rsrch-prtl/dtls-en.aspx?d=PS&i=80811653 Shelf Number: 150153 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Policing Criminal Justice Expenditures Economic Analysis |
Author: Romanosky, Sasha Title: Law Enforcement Cyber Center: Final Technical Report Summary: Cybercrime and cyber threats place many demands on law enforcement agencies, ranging from investigating cyber incidents to securing their own information systems. In addition, law enforcement agencies are required to collect and handle the constantly increasing volume of digital evidence. The Bureau of Justice Assistance established the Law Enforcement Cyber Center (LECC) in October 2014 to help state and local law enforcement better combat cybercrime. The LECC, which completed in September 2017, was tasked to serve as an online portal and a clearinghouse of information, directing users to existing resources developed and managed by subject-matter experts, professional organizations, and government agencies. The LECC was managed by a consortium of organizations led by the RAND Corporation as the main grantee. Partner organizations in the LECC team were the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the Police Executive Research Forum. Although doing so was not formally part of the LECC grant, the project team also collaborated with the National White Collar Crime Center, a nonprofit organization. This technical report provides an account of LECC activities since its inception in October 2014 to its completion in September 2017. Key Findings The LECC Met Its Objectives and Completed All Its Planned Tasks The LECC project team set up the LECC website, identified training and training needs for various stakeholders, contributed to better links among crime units, enhanced prevention education, and developed technical assistance materials for relevant audiences. The project team also organized the LECC Justice Executive Cyber Roundtable, which provided a unique forum to bring together police chiefs, prosecutors, and judges to address the fight against cybercrime. The Metrics Employed by the Project Team Demonstrated the Usefulness of the Type of Services Provided by the LECC As the LECC web traffic data demonstrate, the content provided on the LECC website was successful in attracting traffic to the website. The volume of traffic visiting the website grew over time, suggesting that it is possible to attract new users as well as retain existing visitors by providing a continuously updated set of relevant information. The presentation of the LECC and its website at various meetings, fora, and conferences received interest and enthusiasm, indicating a perceived need for such a resource among various stakeholders. The LECC's resources were also designed to foster greater links among crime units; for example, the LECC team compiled a list of regional capabilities relevant for combatting cybercrime, such as forensics labs or training facilities. The LECC team developed a report on the implementation of the Utah Model of cybercrime prevention, summarizing lessons and best practices from the implementation of a new cybercrime unit in Utah. Recommendation Future endeavors to assist state and local law enforcement and prosecutors with cybercrime prevention, investigation, and prosecution should continue to broker the exchange of knowledge within and across law enforcement stakeholder groups. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 25, 2018 at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2300/RR2320/RAND_RR2320.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2300/RR2320/RAND_RR2320.pdf Shelf Number: 150370 Keywords: Computer Crime Costs of CrimeCrime PreventionCriminal Investigation CybercrimeInternet Crime |
Author: Brazil. Secretary General Title: Custos Economicos da Criminalidade No Brasil Summary: - Brazil is among the top 10% of countries with the highest homicide rates in the world - despite having a population equivalent to 3% of the world population, the country accounts for about 14% of all homicides in the world. Brazilian homicide rates are similar to those in Rwanda, the Dominican Republic, South Africa and Democratic Republic of the Congo. - There have been three distinct times in the number of homicides in Brazil in the last 20 years. In the first period, from 1996 to 2003, there was an increase, from 35 thousand to 48 thousand homicides per year. In the subsequent period, between 2003 and 2007, there was a 48 thousand to 44 thousand victims a year. Finally, as of 2008, there was a further increase in the number of victims, although at a slower pace than before 2003, reaching 54 thousand in 2015. - Homicide rates are highly heterogeneous in the country. Some microregions, especially that of Sao Paulo, which has the largest population, has homicide rates close to 10 per 100 thousand inhabitants. On the other hand, some North-Northeast, such as Belem, Salvador, Fortaleza and Sao Luis, as well as the micro-region of the Surroundings of the Federal District, have homicide rates above 50 per 100 thousand inhabitants, which would place them at levels of some of the world's most violent countries, such as Jamaica, Venezuela and Honduras. - The evolution in homicide rates in the last decade was also significantly with a declining trend in homicide rates in the Southeast and increase in the North-Northeast. - It is estimated that, for each homicide of 13- to 25-year-olds, the present value of loss of productive capacity is about 550 thousand reais. The cumulative loss of productive capacity resulting from homicides, between 1996 and 2015, surpassed 450 billion reais. - The economic costs of crime increased substantially between 1996 and 2015, from about 113 billion reais to 285 billion reais. This is equivalent to an average real increase of about 4.5% per year. By 2015, the components, in order of relevance were: public security (1.35% of GDP); private security (from Google Translations) Details: Brasilia: Secretary General, 2018. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: RELATORIO DE CONJUNTURA No. 4: Accessed June 27, 2018 at: http://www.secretariageral.gov.br/estrutura/secretaria_de_assuntos_estrategicos/publicacoes-e-analise/relatorios-de-conjuntura/custos_economicos_criminalidade_brasil.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.secretariageral.gov.br/estrutura/secretaria_de_assuntos_estrategicos/publicacoes-e-analise/relatorios-de-conjuntura/custos_economicos_criminalidade_brasil.pdf Shelf Number: 150714 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime StatisticsEconomics of CrimeHomicidesViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Heerde, Jessica A. Title: Prevent crime and save money: Return-on-investment models in Australia: Full report Summary: Adolescent antisocial behaviour, such as violence, is both a serious and costly issue in Australia and known to peak during adolescence. Depending on how adolescent antisocial behaviour is defined and measured rates of this behaviour vary, however in Australia are generally between 5 and 20%. The cost of crime in Australia is estimated to be $47.6 billion per year with rates of crime highest in the age 15-24 group. Adolescent antisocial behaviour has important implications for feelings of safety within the community and community members' enjoyment of their local environments. Thus, finding effective ways to reduce the developmental pathways to youth antisocial behaviour is important. An area of increasing importance is demonstration of the costs and benefits of effective approaches to reducing adolescent antisocial behaviour (so-called returnon-investment analyses). This report presents new analyses from the International Youth Development Study (IYDS), an ongoing longitudinal study of antisocial behaviour in Victorian young people which began in 2002, designed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining Australian longitudinal cohort data with prevention strategy investment data to reduce crime versus expenditure on prisons in Australia. The project investigates rates and predictors of antisocial behaviour and violence from the early waves of the IYDS (age 11 years) to young adulthood (age 25 years) to estimate the return-on-investment in Victoria achievable with a $150 million investment in a mix of 6 evidence-based prevention strategies. The aims of the current project were to: 1. Report population rates in the Victorian context of different forms of antisocial outcomes at different points in the life-course; 2. Estimate effect sizes for modifiable risk factors; and 3. Estimate the return-on-investment in Victoria a $150 million investment would have in a mix of 6 evidence-based strategies. To investigate these aims data from 2,884 IYDS participants was used to estimate the reduction in incarceration and intimate partner violence achievable in the State of Victoria by investing $150 million in a mix of evidence-based prevention strategies. Baseline data were obtained in the IYDS at average age 15 from a sample recruited in 2002 to be state-representative of students in Victoria. Follow-up data were obtained at average age 25 in 2014/15. Evidence-based prevention strategies included: Nurse Family Partnerships, Triple P Universal and Triple P Level 4 groups, Secondary School Age Alcohol Supply Reduction, Tutoring by Peers and Screening and Brief Intervention for young adult alcohol problems. Based on the IYDS in 2014/15, findings showed, for those of average age 25 (range 21 to 29) the annual incarceration rate (any police or court apprehension) was estimated at 3.5% (1.0% for 1-day or more) and involvement in intimate partner violence involving physical force was 8.5% (causing physical injury was 3.0%). Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the effect of age 15 risk factors (socioeconomic disadvantage, family problems, child behaviour problems, substance [including alcohol] use and school problems) and age 21 alcohol problems on age 25 incarcerations and intimate partner violence involving physical assault. Analyses revealed the 10-year lag effect of having invested an extra $150 million would have been a reduction in 2015 of 1,624 cases of incarceration (5% reduction) and 3,034 cases of intimate partner violence involving physical force (10% reduction). In addition to these estimated 1-year effects, benefits would also have been observed in each of the prior nine years and in subsequent years. The prevention strategy investment mix investigated in this report was: Nurse Family Partnership for low income ($35 M), Triple P Universal ($34 M), Triple P Level 4 groups ($51 M), Secondary School Age Alcohol Supply Reduction (SAASR; $14 M), Tutoring by Peers ($9 M) and Screening and Brief Intervention for young adult alcohol problems ($7 M). The net return from the $150 million prevention strategy investment was conservatively estimated at $191 million. Project findings demonstrate several modifiable factors for antisocial behaviour that could be targeted in early intervention and prevention programs to reduce the developmental pathways that lead to youth perpetration of intimate partner violence and incarceration. The results of the current study demonstrate the importance of considering childhood and adolescent family and school-based problems/risk factors, as well as youth substance (including alcohol) use and previous engagement in antisocial behaviour. The present analysis reveals there is sound data to perform return-on-prevention investment analyses in Victoria suggesting it is feasible and cost-effective to prevent problems such as intimate partner violence, while also reducing incarceration rates. Together, project findings can be used to inform policy in Australia about financially viable and effective programs to reduce crime and antisocial behaviour. This project will contribute to understanding that imprisonment and family violence are preventable and that there are significant economic benefits in implementing evidence-based prevention and early intervention approaches. Details: Sydney: Criminology Research Advisory Council, 2018. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed July 5, 2018 at: http://crg.aic.gov.au/reports/1718/18-1415-FinalReport.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: http://crg.aic.gov.au/reports/1718/18-1415-FinalReport.pdf Shelf Number: 150764 Keywords: AdolescentsAnti-Social BehaviorCost-Benefit Analysis Costs of Crime Crime Prevention Evidence-Based Policies Intimate-Partner Violence |
Author: Heeks, Matthew Title: The economic and social costs of crime Summary: The economic and social costs of crime estimates are important in helping to develop an understanding of the wider costs and benefits associated with changes in the number of crimes. Although methods have been developed to try to capture an assessment of the societal harms of different crime types, for example the Crime Harm Index, these do not set out to estimate the monetary costs of different offences. This report uses existing crime and cost data to update previous analysis by the Home Office to estimate the economic and social costs of different offences. It does not estimate the economic and social costs of every type of crime; it concentrates on more serious victim-based offences which are likely to have the largest economic and social costs. Costs have been estimated for crimes against individuals and, for a limited number of sectors, businesses. Those crimes which are not committed against an individual victim - so-called crimes against society - are excluded from the analysis; for example, possession of drugs. The report considers three main cost areas: - Costs in anticipation of crime, for example the cost of burglar alarms. - Costs as a consequence of crime, for example the cost of property stolen or damaged. - Costs in response to crime, for example costs to the police and criminal justice system. The total costs of crime in England and Wales in the 2015/16 are estimated to be approximately L50bn for crimes against individuals and L9bn for crimes against businesses. Violent crimes make up the largest proportion of the total costs of individual crime - almost three quarters - but only one third of the number of crimes. This is mainly due to the higher physical and emotional costs to the victims of violent offences. These costs are particularly high for crimes that are more likely to result in emotional injuries, such as rape and violence with injury. The offence with the highest estimated unit cost2 is homicide (L3.2m). Rape (L39,360) has the highest estimated unit cost of non-fatal offences. Thefts from businesses make up almost 90% of business crime but account for approximately half of the total estimated costs of crime against businesses (L4.2bn), as each crime has a low impact on society. In contrast, robberies and burglaries against businesses - estimated to cost L2bn and L1.6bn respectively - make up over 40% of the costs of crime, but account for only 5% of all crimes against businesses. Details: London: Home Office, 2018. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 99: Accessed August 1, 2018 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/727958/the-economic-and-social-costs-of-crime-horr99.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/727958/the-economic-and-social-costs-of-crime-horr99.pdf Shelf Number: 150989 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime RatesCrime StatisticsPovertySocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Aboal, Diego Title: Los costos del crimen en Uruguay Summary: In this paper we estimate some of the costs associated with crime and violence in Uruguay. The method used is that of cost accounting. Considered costs include security and prevention of crime, justice, imprisonment and rehabilitation of inmates, costs of stolen property, health costs and loss of lives as a result of the violence and costs associated with the loss of productive time in prison of the inmates. For this we have used a variety of sources of information and methodologies. Even though we have covered a significant range of costs, we have not covered the universe of them due to information limitations. Therefore, our estimates should be interpreted as a minimum level. The total cost estimated for 2010 reaches 4% of Uruguay's GDP. Details: Centro de Investigaciones Economicas - Uruguay, 2013. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Comunicaciones/Jornadas%20de%20Economa/t_campanella_jorge_2014.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Uruguay URL: https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Comunicaciones/Jornadas%20de%20Economa/t_campanella_jorge_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 151501 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of Crime |
Author: Saens N, Rodrigo Title: How Much is the Cost of Crime in Chile? Summary: Using annual data for period 1994-2014, in this work we estimate and analyze the cost of crime in Chile. It is used an economic-accounting approach to distinguish between three types of costs: cost of crime prevention, cost of crime consequences and cost of crime response. The results of this exercise show an increasing trend of the total cost of crime, from 1.6 percent of GDP in 1994 to 2.5 percent of GDP in 2014. Although public resources to prevent and repel crime have increased considerably over the past 20 years, the private security industry shows a significant expansion in the same period. This shows that in Chile there is still a gap between the security demanded by citizens and the security provided by government institutions. Details: Chile: Facultad de Economia y Negocios de la Universidad de Talca, 2015. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 8, 2018 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281361292_Cuanto_cuesta_el_delito_en_Chile Year: 2015 Country: Chile URL: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/Saens2015-08-31.pdf Shelf Number: 153343 Keywords: ChileCost of crimeCost of crime consequencesCost of crime preventionCost of crime responseCosts of crimeCrime analysisPrivate security industry |
Author: Fell, Emily Title: Understanding Organised Crime 2015/16: Estimating the Scale and the Social and Economic Costs Summary: This report aims to improve our understanding of organised crime in the UK by updating estimates of the scale, and the social and economic cost, for a range of organised crime types based on the 2013 report of the same name (Mills, Skodbo, & Blyth, 2013). In 'Understanding Organised Crime' (UOC) 2013, the social and economic cost of organised crime was estimated to be at least L24 billion in financial year (FY) 2010 to 2011. The social and economic costs of organised crime to the UK is estimated to be approx. L37 billion in FY 2015 to 2016. The scale of organised crime is estimated to be approx. L20 billion in FY 2015 to 2016. These estimates are likely to be a lower bound since the contributing estimates are generally conservative and in some cases partial; this is discussed in more detail in the Introduction. The largest components of the social and economic cost estimate are: - drugs supply (L20 billion) - economic crime (L8 billion) - modern slavery (L2 billion) This report produces two estimates: the scale of organised crime, and the social and economic costs associated with it. The scale estimates provide a sense of the size of known activity across organised crime types. Social and economic cost estimates consider, where possible, both direct and indirect costs resulting from the crime and of reactions to the crime. These are defined in more detail in the Introduction. The scale and social and economic costs are estimated for the UK; however, for some SOC types, it was not possible to access data from Wales, Northern Ireland and/or Scotland so estimates may be scaled up in proportion with population figures. All estimates are for FY 2015 to 2016. The estimates provided throughout the report are all approximate and are rounded. Details: London, UK: Home Office, 2018. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/752818/understanding-organised-crime-mar16-horr103.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/752818/understanding-organised-crime-mar16-horr103.pdf Shelf Number: 154215 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomic of CrimeModern SlaveryOrganized CrimeSocial Cost |